Compounds and compositions for inhbiting the activity of shp2

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to compounds of formula I:in which Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4 R1, R2, R4a, R4b, R5a, R5b, R6a and R6b are defined in the Summary of the Invention; capable of inhibiting the activity of SHP2. The invention further provides a process for the preparation of compounds of the invention, pharmaceutical preparations comprising such compounds and methods of using such compounds and compositions in the management of diseases or disorders associated with the aberrant activity of SHP2.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a U.S. Divisional of US patent application Ser. No. 15/736,959 filed 15 Dec. 2017, which is a 371 U.S. national phase application of international application number PCT/IB2016/053548 filed 15 Jun. 2016, which application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/181,881, filed 19 Jun., 2015. The disclosure of these applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing, which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy is named PAT056867_US-DIV_SequenceListing.txt, created 2 Mar. 2021 (1113 bytes).

BACKGROUND Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to compounds capable of inhibiting the activity of SHP2. The invention further provides a process for the preparation of compounds of the invention, pharmaceutical preparations comprising such compounds and methods of using such compounds and compositions in the management of diseases or disorders associated with the aberrant activity of SHP2.

Background of the Invention

The Src Homolgy-2 phosphatase (SHP2) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase encoded by the PTPN11 gene that contributes to multiple cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle maintenance and migration. SHP2 is involved in signaling through the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase, the JAK-STAT or the phosphoinositol 3-kinase-AKT pathways.

SHP2 has two N-terminal Src homology 2 domains (N-SH2 and C-SH2), a catalytic domain (PTP), and a C-terminal tail. The two SH2 domains control the subcellular localization and functional regulation of SHP2. The molecule exists in an inactive, self-inhibited conformation stabilized by a binding network involving residues from both the N-SH2 and PTP domains. Stimulation by, for example, cytokines or growth factors leads to exposure of the catalytic site resulting in enzymatic activation of SHP2.

Mutations in the PTPN11 gene and subsequently in SHP2 have been identified in several human diseases, such as Noonan Syndrome, Leopard Syndrome, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemias, neuroblastoma, melanoma, acute myeloid leukemia and cancers of the breast, lung and colon. SHP2, therefore, represents a highly attractive target for the development of novel therapies for the treatment of various diseases. The compounds of the present invention fulfill the need of small molecules to that inhibit the activity of SHP2.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present invention provides compounds of Formula I:

in which: Y₁ is selected from N, NH and CH; Y₂ is selected from N, NH and CH; Y₃ is selected from N and C; Y₄ is selected from N and CH; R₁ is selected from R_(1a) and —SR_(1a); wherein R_(1a) is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazine, pyridazine, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran and pyrimidine; wherein said phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazine, pyridazine or pyrimidine is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 3 R₄ groups; wherein each R₄ group is independently selected from halo, amino, —NH(C₁₋₄alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂, —NH(C₀₋₁alkyl-C₃₋₅ cycloalkyl), morpholino, pyrrolidinyl, hydroxyl, C₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₃alkoxy and halo-substituted-C₁₋₃alkyl; wherein said pyrrolidinyl of R₄ can be unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxy; R₂ is selected from H, CH₃ and halo-substituted-C₁₋₂alkyl; R_(4a) and R_(4b) are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy and fluoro; with proviso that R_(4a) and R_(4b) cannot both be OH; R_(5a) is selected from amino and amino-methyl; R_(5b) is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, methoxy-carbonyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl-C₁₋₃alkyl, hydroxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₂alkoxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl and a 5 to 6 member heteroaryl ring containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from O, S and N; wherein said C₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₂alkoxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl of R_(5b) is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 fluorines; or R_(5a) and R_(5b), together with the carbon atom to which R_(5a) and R_(5b) are attached, form a group selected from:

wherein *C represents the carbon atom to which R_(5a) and R_(5b) are attached; R₁₀ is amino; R_(11a) is selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, fluoro, C₁₋₂alkyl and hydroxy-methyl; R_(11b) is selected from fluoro, methyl and hydrogen; R_(11c) is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₂alkyl and hydroxy-methyl; R₁₂ is selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, C₁₋₃alkyl, halo-substituted-C₁₋₃alkyl, halo-substituted-C₁₋₃alkoxy and C₁₋₃alkoxy; and R₁₃ is selected from hydrogen, halo and C₁₋₂alkyl; and R_(6a) and R_(6b) are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy and fluoro; with proviso that R_(6a) and R_(6b) cannot both be OH.

In a second aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition which contains a compound of Formula I or a N-oxide derivative, tautomer, individual isomers and mixture of isomers thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in admixture with one or more suitable excipients.

In a third aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a disease in an animal in which modulation of SHP2 activity can prevent, inhibit or ameliorate the pathology and/or symptomology of the diseases, which method comprises administering to the animal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a N-oxide derivative, individual isomers and mixture of isomers thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a disease in an animal in which modulation of SHP2 activity can prevent, inhibit or ameliorate the pathology and/or symptomology of the diseases, which method comprises administering to the animal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a N-oxide derivative, individual isomers and mixture of isomers thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in simultaneous or sequential combination with an anti-cancer therapeutic.

In a fifth aspect, the present invention provides the use of a compound of Formula I in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease in an animal in which SHP2 activity contributes to the pathology and/or symptomology of the disease.

In a sixth aspect, the present invention provides a process for preparing compounds of Formula I and the N-oxide derivatives, prodrug derivatives, protected derivatives, individual isomers and mixture of isomers thereof, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Definitions

The general terms used hereinbefore and hereinafter preferably have within the context of this disclosure the following meanings, unless otherwise indicated, where more general terms wherever used may, independently of each other, be replaced by more specific definitions or remain, thus defining more detailed embodiments of the invention:

“Alkyl” refers to a fully saturated branched or unbranched hydrocarbon moiety having up to 20 carbon atoms. Unless otherwise provided, alkyl refers to hydrocarbon moieties having 1 to 7 carbon atoms (C₁₋₇alkyl), or 1 to 4 carbon atoms (C₁₋₄alkyl). Representative examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 3-methylhexyl, 2,2-dimethylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylpentyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl and the like. A substituted alkyl is an alkyl group containing one or more, such as one, two or three substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy or alkoxy groups. Halo-substituted-alkyl and halo-substituted-alkoxy, can be either straight-chained or branched and includes, methoxy, ethoxy, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, and the like.

“Aryl” means a monocyclic or fused bicyclic aromatic ring assembly containing six to ten ring carbon atoms. For example, aryl may be phenyl or naphthyl, preferably phenyl. “Arylene” means a divalent radical derived from an aryl group.

“Heteroaryl” is as defined for aryl above where one or more of the ring members is a heteroatom. For example C₅₋₁₀heteroaryl is a minimum of 5 members as indicated by the carbon atoms but that these carbon atoms can be replaced by a heteroatom. Consequently, C₅₋₁₀heteroaryl includes pyridyl, indolyl, indazolyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, benzofuranyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiopyranyl, benzo[1,3]dioxole, imidazolyl, benzo-imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, furanyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, thienyl, etc.

“Cycloalkyl” means a saturated or partially unsaturated, monocyclic, fused bicyclic or bridged polycyclic ring assembly containing the number of ring atoms indicated. For example, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl includes cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, etc.

“Heterocycloalkyl” means cycloalkyl, as defined in this application, provided that one or more of the ring carbons indicated, are replaced by a moiety selected from —O—, —N═, —NR—, —C(O)—, —S—, —S(O)— or —S(O)₂—, wherein R is hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl or a nitrogen protecting group. For example, C₃₋₈heterocycloalkyl as used in this application to describe compounds of the invention includes morpholino, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidinyl-2-one, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, piperidinylone, 1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-8-yl, thiomorpholino, sulfanomorpholino, sulfonomorpholino, etc.

“Halogen” (or halo) preferably represents chloro or fluoro, but may also be bromo or iodo.

“SHP2” means “Src Homolgy-2 phosphatase” and is also known as SH-PTP2, SH-PTP3, Syp, PTP1D, PTP2C, SAP-2 or PTPN11.

Cancers harboring “PTPN11 mutations” include but are not limited to: N58Y; D61Y, V; E69K; A72V, T, D; E76G, Q, K (ALL); G60A; D61Y; E69V; F71K; A72V; T73I; E76G, K; R289G; G503V (AML); G60R, D61Y, V, N; Y62D; E69K; A72T, V; T73I; E76K, V, G, A, Q; E139D; G503A, R; Q506P (JMML); G60V; D61V; E69K; F71L; A72V; E76A (MDS); Y63C (CMML); Y62C; E69K; T507K (neuroblastoma); V46L; N58S; E76V (Lung cancer); R138Q (melanoma); E76G (colon cancer).

Compounds of formula I may have different isomeric forms. For example, any asymmetric carbon atom may be present in the (R)-, (S)- or (R,S)-configuration, preferably in the (R)- or (S)-configuration. Substituents at a double bond or especially a ring may be present in cis-(=Z-) or trans (=E-) form. The compounds may thus be present as mixtures of isomers or preferably as pure isomers, preferably as pure diastereomers or pure enantiomers.

Where the plural form (e.g. compounds, salts) is used, this includes the singular (e.g. a single compound, a single salt). “A compound” does not exclude that (e.g. in a pharmaceutical formulation) more than one compound of the formula I (or a salt thereof) is present, the “a” merely representing the indefinite article. “A” can thus preferably be read as “one or more”, less preferably alternatively as “one”.

Wherever a compound or compounds of the formula I are mentioned, this is further also intended to include N-oxides of such compounds and/or tautomers thereof.

The term “and/or an N-oxide thereof, a tautomer thereof and/or a (preferably pharmaceutically acceptable) salt thereof” especially means that a compound of the formula I may be present as such or in mixture with its N-oxide, as tautomer (e.g. due to keto-enol, lactam-lactim, amide-imidic acid or enamine-imine tautomerism) or in (e.g. equivalency reaction caused) mixture with its tautomer, or as a salt of the compound of the formula I and/or any of these forms or mixtures of two or more of such forms.

The present invention also includes all suitable isotopic variations of the compounds of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. An isotopic variation of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is defined as one in which at least one atom is replaced by an atom having the same atomic number but an atomic mass different from the atomic mass usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that may be incorporated into the compounds of the invention and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof include, but are not limited to, isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen such as as ²H, ³H, ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, ³⁶Cl and ¹²³I. Certain isotopic variations of the compounds of the invention and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, for example, those in which a radioactive isotope such as ³H or ¹⁴C is incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies. In particular examples, ³H and ¹⁴C isotopes may be used for their ease of preparation and detectability. In other examples, substitution with isotopes such as ²H may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, such as increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements. Isotopic variations of the compounds of the invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can generally be prepared by conventional procedures using appropriate isotopic variations of suitable reagents.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention relates to compounds capable of inhibiting the activity of SHP2. In one aspect of the invention, with respect to compounds of formula I, are compounds of Formulae Ia, Ib, Ic, Id, Ie, If and Ig:

in which: R₁ is selected from phenyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran or pyridinyl; wherein said phenyl or pyridinyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 3 R₄ groups; wherein each R₄ group is independently selected from halo, amino, —NH(C₁₋₄alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂, —NH(C₀₋₁alkyl-C₃₋₅cycloalkyl), morpholino, pyrrolidinyl, C₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₃alkoxy and halo-substituted-C₁₋₃alkyl; wherein said pyrrolidinyl of R₄ can be unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxy; R₂ is selected from H and CH₃; R_(4a) and R_(4b) are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy and fluoro; with proviso that R_(4a) and R_(4b) cannot both be OH; R_(5a) is selected from amino and amino-methyl; R_(5b) is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, methoxy-carbonyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl-C₁₋₃alkyl, hydroxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₂alkoxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl and a 5 to 6 member heteroaryl ring containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from O, S and N; wherein said C₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₂alkoxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl of R_(5b) is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 fluorines; or R_(5a) and R_(5b), together with the carbon atom to which R_(5a) and R_(5b) are attached, form a group selected from:

wherein *C represents the carbon atom to which R_(5a) and R_(5b) are attached; R₁₀ is amino; R_(11a) is selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, fluoro, C₁₋₂alkyl and hydroxy-methyl; R_(11b) is selected from fluoro, methyl and hydrogen; R_(11c) is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₂alkyl and hydroxy-methyl; R₁₂ is selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, C₁₋₃alkyl, halo-substituted-C₁₋₃alkyl, halo-substituted-C₁₋₃alkoxy and C₁₋₃alkoxy; and R₁₃ is selected from hydrogen, halo and C₁₋₂alkyl; and R_(6a) and R_(6b) are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy and fluoro; with proviso that R_(6a) and R_(6b) cannot both be OH; or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In another aspect of the invention are compounds of formula Ia:

in which: R₁ is phenyl substituted with 1 to 3 R₄ groups; wherein each R₄ group is independently selected from halo, amino, —NH(C₁₋₄alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂, —NH(C₀₋₁alkyl-C₃₋₅cycloalkyl), morpholino, pyrrolidinyl, C₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₃alkoxy and halo-substituted-C₁₋₃alkyl; wherein said pyrrolidinyl of R₄ can be unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxy; R₂ is selected from H and CH₃; R_(4a) and R_(4b) are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy and fluoro; with proviso that R_(4a) and R_(4b) cannot both be OH; R_(5a) is selected from amino and amino-methyl; R_(5b) is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, methoxy-carbonyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl-C₁₋₃alkyl, hydroxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₂alkoxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl and a 5 to 6 member heteroaryl ring containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from O, S and N; wherein said C₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₂alkoxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl of R_(5b) is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 fluorines; or R_(5a) and R_(5b), together with the carbon atom to which R_(5a) and R_(5b) are attached, form a group selected from:

wherein *C represents the carbon atom to which R_(5a) and R_(5b) are attached; R₁₀ is amino; R_(11a) is selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, fluoro, C₁₋₂alkyl and hydroxy-methyl; R_(11b) is selected from fluoro, methyl and hydrogen; R_(11c) is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₂alkyl and hydroxy-methyl; R₁₂ is selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, C₁₋₃alkyl, halo-substituted-C₁₋₃alkyl, halo-substituted-C₁₋₃alkoxy and C₁₋₃alkoxy; and R₁₃ is selected from hydrogen, halo and C₁₋₂alkyl; and R_(6a) and R_(6b) are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy and fluoro; with proviso that R_(6a) and R_(6b) cannot both be OH; or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In a further aspect of the invention are compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, selected from:

In another aspect of the invention are compounds of formula Ic:

in which: R₁ is selected from phenyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran or pyridinyl; wherein said phenyl or pyridinyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 3 R₄ groups; wherein each R₄ group is independently selected from halo, amino, —NH(C₁₋₄alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂, —NH(C₀₋₁alkyl-C₃₋₅cycloalkyl), morpholino, pyrrolidinyl, C₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₃alkoxy and halo-substituted-C₁₋₃alkyl; wherein said pyrrolidinyl of R₄ can be unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxy; R₂ is selected from H and CH₃; R_(4a) and R_(4b) are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy and fluoro; with proviso that R_(4a) and R_(4b) cannot both be OH; R_(5a) is selected from amino and amino-methyl; R_(5b) is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, methoxy-carbonyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl-C₁₋₃alkyl, hydroxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₂alkoxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl and a 5 to 6 member heteroaryl ring containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from O, S and N; wherein said C₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₂alkoxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl of R_(5b) is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 fluorines; or R_(5a) and R_(5b), together with the carbon atom to which R_(5a) and R_(5b) are attached, form a group selected from:

wherein *C represents the carbon atom to which R_(5a) and R_(5b) are attached; R₁₀ is amino; R_(11a) is selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, fluoro, C₁₋₂alkyl and hydroxy-methyl; R_(11b) is selected from fluoro, methyl and hydrogen; R_(11c) is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₂alkyl and hydroxy-methyl; R₁₂ is selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, C₁₋₃alkyl, halo-substituted-C₁₋₃alkyl, halo-substituted-C₁₋₃alkoxy and C₁₋₃alkoxy; and R₁₃ is selected from hydrogen, halo and C₁₋₂alkyl; and R_(6a) and R_(6b) are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy and fluoro; with proviso that R_(6a) and R_(6b) cannot both be OH; or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In a further aspect of the invention are compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, selected from:

In another aspect of the invention are compounds of formula Id:

in which: R₁ is selected from phenyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran or pyridinyl; wherein said phenyl or pyridinyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 3 R₄ groups; wherein each R₄ group is independently selected from halo, amino, —NH(C₁₋₄alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂, —NH(C₀₋₁alkyl-C₃₋₅cycloalkyl), morpholino, pyrrolidinyl, C₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₃alkoxy and halo-substituted-C₁₋₃alkyl; wherein said pyrrolidinyl of R₄ can be unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxy; R₂ is selected from H and CH₃; R_(4a) and R_(4b) are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy and fluoro; with proviso that R_(4a) and R_(4b) cannot both be OH; R_(5a) is selected from amino and amino-methyl; R_(5b) is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, methoxy-carbonyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl-C₁₋₃alkyl, hydroxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₂alkoxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl and a 5 to 6 member heteroaryl ring containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from O, S and N; wherein said C₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₂alkoxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl of R_(5b) is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 fluorines; or R_(5a) and R_(5b), together with the carbon atom to which R_(5a) and R_(5b) are attached, form a group selected from:

wherein *C represents the carbon atom to which R_(5a) and R_(5b) are attached; R₁₀ is amino; R_(11a) is selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, fluoro, C₁₋₂alkyl and hydroxy-methyl; R_(11b) is selected from fluoro, methyl and hydrogen; R_(11c) is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₂alkyl and hydroxy-methyl; R₁₂ is selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, C₁₋₃alkyl, halo-substituted-C₁₋₃alkyl, halo-substituted-C₁₋₃alkoxy and C₁₋₃alkoxy; and R₁₃ is selected from hydrogen, halo and C₁₋₂alkyl; and R_(6a) and R_(6b) are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy and fluoro; with proviso that R_(6a) and R_(6b) cannot both be OH; or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In a further aspect of the invention are compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, selected from:

In a further aspect of the invention are compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, selected from:

In another aspect of the invention are compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, of formula II:

in which: Y₅ is selected from N and CH; Y₆ is selected from CH₂ and NH; R₁ is selected from R_(1a) and —SR_(1a); wherein R_(1a) is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazine, pyridazine, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran and pyrimidine; wherein said phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazine, pyridazine or pyrimidine is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 3 R₄ groups; wherein each R₄ group is independently selected from halo, amino, —NH(C₁₋₄alkyl), —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)₂, —NH(C₀₋₁alkyl-C₃₋₅cycloalkyl), morpholino, pyrrolidinyl, hydroxyl, C₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₃alkoxy and halo-substituted-C₁₋₃alkyl; wherein said pyrrolidinyl of R₄ can be unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxy; R_(4a) and R_(4b) are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy and fluoro; with proviso that R_(4a) and R_(4b) cannot both be OH; R_(5a) is selected from amino and amino-methyl; R_(5b) is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, methoxy-carbonyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl-C₁₋₃alkyl, hydroxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₂alkoxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl and a 5 to 6 member heteroaryl ring containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from O, S and N; wherein said C₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₂alkoxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl of R_(5b) is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 fluorines; or R_(5a) and R_(5b), together with the carbon atom to which R_(5a) and R_(5b) are attached, form a group selected from:

wherein *C represents the carbon atom to which R_(5a) and R_(5b) are attached; R₁₀ is amino; R_(11a) is selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, fluoro, C₁₋₂alkyl and hydroxy-methyl; R_(11b) is selected from fluoro, methyl and hydrogen; R_(11c) is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₂alkyl and hydroxy-methyl; R₁₂ is selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, C₁₋₃alkyl, halo-substituted-C₁₋₃alkyl, halo-substituted-C₁₋₃alkoxy and C₁₋₃alkoxy; and R₁₃ is selected from hydrogen, halo and C₁₋₂alkyl; and R_(6a) and R_(6b) are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy and fluoro; with proviso that R_(6a) and R_(6b) cannot both be OH.

In a further aspect of the invention are compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, selected from:

Pharmacology and Utility

The Src Homolgy-2 phosphatase (SHP2) is a protein tyrosine phosphatase encoded by the PTPN11 gene that contributes to multiple cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle maintenance and migration. SHP2 is involved in signaling through the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase, the JAK-STAT or the phosphoinositol 3-kinase-AKT pathways. SHP2 mediates activation of Erk1 and Erk2 (Erk1/2, Erk) MAP kinases by receptor tyrosine kinases such as ErbB1, ErbB2 and c-Met.

SHP2 has two N-terminal Src homology 2 domains (N-SH2 and C-SH2), a catalytic domain (PTP), and a C-terminal tail. The two SH2 domains control the subcellular localization and functional regulation of SHP2. The molecule exists in an inactive conformation, inhibiting its own activity via a binding network involving residues from both the N-SH2 and PTP domains. In response to growth factor stimulation, SHP2 binds to specific tyrosine-phosphorylated sites on docking proteins such as Gab 1 and Gab2 via its SH2 domains. This induces a conformational change that results in SHP2 activation.

Mutations in PTPN11 have been identified in several human diseases, such as Noonan Syndrome, Leopard Syndrome, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemias, neuroblastoma, melanoma, acute myeloid leukemia and cancers of the breast, lung and colon. SHP2 is an important downstream signaling molecule for a variety of receptor tyrosine kinases, including the receptors of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-R), fibroblast growth factor (FGF-R) and epidermal growth factor (EGF-R). SHP2 is also an important downstream signaling molecule for the activation of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway which can lead to cell transformation, a prerequisite for the development of cancer. Knock-down of SHP2 significantly inhibited cell growth of lung cancer cell lines with SHP2 mutation or EML4/ALK translocations as well as EGFR amplified breast cancers and esophageal cancers. SHP2 is also activated downstream of oncogenes in gastric carcinoma, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma and glioblastoma.

Noonan Syndrome (NS) and Leopard Syndrome (LS)—PTPN11 mutations cause LS (multiple lentigenes, electrocardiographic conduction abnormalities, ocular hypertelorism, pulmonic stenosis, abnormal genitalia, retardation of growth, sensorineural deafness) and NS (congenital anomalies including cardiac defects, craniofacial abnormalities and short stature). Both disorders are part of a family of autosomal dominant syndromes caused by germline mutations in components of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK mitogen activating protein kinase pathway, required for normal cell growth and differentiation. Aberrant regulation of this pathway has profound effects, particularly on cardiac development, resulting in various abnormalities, including valvuloseptal defects and/or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Perturbations of the MAPK signaling pathway have been established as central to these disorders and several candidate genes along this pathway have been identified in humans, including mutations in KRAS, NRAS, SOS1, RAF1, BRAF, MEK1, MEK2, SHOC2, and CBL. The gene most commonly mutated in NS and LS is PTPN11. Germline mutations in PTPN11 (SHP2) are found in ˜50% of the cases with NS and nearly all patients with LS that shares certain features with NS. For NS, Y62D and Y63C substitutions in the protein are largely invariant and are among the most common mutations. Both these mutations affect the catalytically inactive conformation of SHP2 without perturbing the binding of the phosphatase to its phosphorylated signaling partners.

Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemias (JMML)—Somatic mutations in PTPN11 (SHP2) occur in about 35% of the patients with JMML, a childhood myeloproliferative disorder (MPD). These gain-of-function mutations are typically point mutations in the N-SH2 domain or in the phosphatase domain, which prevent self-inhibition between the catalytic domain and the N-SH2 domain, resulting in SHP2 activity.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia—PTPN11 mutations have been identified in: ˜10% of pediatric acute leukemias, such as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS); ˜7% of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL); and ˜4% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

NS and leukemia mutations cause changes in amino acids located at the interface formed by the N-SH2 and PTP domains in the self-inhibited SHP2 conformation, disrupting the inhibitory intramolecular interaction, leading to hyperactivity of the catalytic domain.

SHP2 acts as a positive regulator in receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling. Cancers containing RTK alterations (EGFR^(amp), Her2^(amp), FGFR^(amp), Met^(amp), translocated/activated RTK, i.e. ALK, BCR/ABL) include Esophageal, Breast, Lung, Colon, Gastric, Glioma, Head and Neck cancers.

Esophageal cancer (or oesophageal cancer) is a malignancy of the esophagus. There are various subtypes, primarily squamous cell cancer (<50%) and adenocarcinoma. There is a high rate of RTK expression in esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell cancer. A SHP2 inhibitor of the invention can, therefore, be employed for innovative treatment strategies.

Breast cancer is a major type of cancer and a leading cause of death in women, where patients develop resistance to current drugs. There are four major subtypes of breast cancers including luminal A, luminal B, Her2 like, and triple negative/Basal-like. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer lacking specific targeted therapy. Epidermal growth factor receptor I (EGFR) has emerged as a promising target in TNBC. Inhibition of Her2 as well as EGFR via SHP2 may be a promising therapy in breast cancer.

Lung Cancer—NSCLC is currently a major cause of cancer-related mortality, accounting for about 85% of lung cancers (predominantly adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas). Although cytotoxic chemotherapy remains an important part of treatment, targeted therapies based on genetic alterations such as EGFR and ALK in the tumor are more likely to benefit from a targeted therapy.

Colon Cancer—Approximately 30% to 50% of colorectal tumors are known to have a mutated (abnormal) KRAS, and BRAF mutations occur in 10 to 15% of colorectal cancers. For a subset of patients whose colorectal tumors have been demonstrated to over express EGFR, these patients exhibit a favorable clinical response to anti-EGFR therapy.

Gastic Cancer is one of the most prevalent cancer types. Aberrant expression of tyrosine kinases, as reflected by the aberrant tyrosine phosphorylation in gastric cancer cells, is known in the art. Three receptor-tyrosine kinases, c-met (HGF receptor), FGF receptor 2, and erbB2/neu are frequently amplified in gastric carcinomas. Thus, subversion of different signal pathways may contribute to the progression of different types of gastric cancers.

Neuroblastoma is a pediatric tumor of the developing sympathetic nervous system, accounting for about 8% of childhood cancers. Genomic alterations of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene have been postulated to contribute to neuroblastoma pathogenesis.

Squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). High levels of EGFR expression are correlated with poor prognosis and resistance to radiation therapy in a variety of cancers, mostly in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Blocking of the EGFR signaling results in inhibition of the stimulation of the receptor, cell proliferation, and reduced invasiveness and metastases. The EGFR is, therefore, a prime target for new anticancer therapy in SCCHN.

The present invention relates to compounds capable of inhibiting the activity of SHP2. The invention further provides a process for the preparation of compounds of the invention and pharmaceutical preparations comprising such compounds. Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of treating SHP2-mediated disorders comprising the step of administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I as defined in the Summary of the Invention.

In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the aforementioned method, wherein said SHP2-mediated disorders are cancers selected from, but not limited to: JMML; AML; MDS; B-ALL; neuroblastoma; esophageal; breast cancer; lung cancer; colon cancer; Gastric cancer, Head and Neck cancer.

The compounds of the present invention may also be useful in the treatment of other diseases or conditions related to the aberrant activity of SHP2. Thus, as a further aspect, the invention relates to a method of treatment of a disorder selected from: NS; LS; JMML; AML; MDS; B-ALL; neuroblastoma; esophageal; breast cancer; lung cancer; colon cancer; gastric cancer; head and neck cancer.

A SHP2 inhibitor of the present invention may be usefully combined with another pharmacologically active compound, or with two or more other pharmacologically active compounds, particularly in the treatment of cancer. For example, a compound of the formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined above, may be administered simultaneously, sequentially or separately in combination with one or more agents selected from chemotherapy agents, for example, mitotic inhibitors such as a taxane, a vinca alkaloid, paclitaxel, docetaxel, vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine or vinflunine, and other anticancer agents, e.g. cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluoro-2-4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione (5FU), flutamide or gemcitabine.

Such combinations may offer significant advantages, including synergistic activity, in therapy.

In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the aforementioned method, wherein said compound is administered parenterally.

In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the aforementioned method, wherein said compound is administered intramuscularly, intravenously, subcutaneously, orally, pulmonary, intrathecally, topically or intranasally.

In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the aforementioned method, wherein said compound is administered systemically.

In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the aforementioned method, wherein said patient is a mammal.

In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the aforementioned method, wherein said patient is a primate.

In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the aforementioned method, wherein said patient is a human.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of treating an SHP2-mediated disorder, comprising the step of: administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a chemothereutic agent in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I as defined in the Summary of the Invention.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

In another aspect, the present invention provides pharmaceutically acceptable compositions which comprise a therapeutically-effective amount of one or more of the compounds described above, formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (additives) and/or diluents. As described in detail below, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be specially formulated for administration in solid or liquid form, including those adapted for the following: (1) oral administration, for example, drenches (aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions), tablets, e.g., those targeted for buccal, sublingual, and systemic absorption, boluses, powders, granules, pastes for application to the tongue; (2) parenteral administration, for example, by subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous or epidural injection as, for example, a sterile solution or suspension, or sustained-release formulation; (3) topical application, for example, as a cream, ointment, or a controlled-release patch or spray applied to the skin; (4) intravaginally or intrarectally, for example, as a pessary, cream or foam; (5) sublingually; (6) ocularly; (7) transdermally; (8) nasally; (9) pulmonary; or (10) intrathecally.

The phrase “therapeutically-effective amount” as used herein means that amount of a compound, material, or composition comprising a compound of the present invention which is effective for producing some desired therapeutic effect in at least a sub-population of cells in an animal at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

The phrase “pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier” as used herein means a pharmaceutically-acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, manufacturing aid (e.g., lubricant, talc magnesium, calcium or zinc stearate, or steric acid), or solvent encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject compound from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginic acid; (16) pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline; (18) Ringer's solution; (19) ethyl alcohol; (20) pH buffered solutions; (21) polyesters, polycarbonates and/or polyanhydrides; and (22) other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations.

As set out above, certain embodiments of the present compounds may contain a basic functional group, such as amino or alkylamino, and are, thus, capable of forming pharmaceutically-acceptable salts with pharmaceutically-acceptable acids. The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable salts” in this respect, refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can be prepared in situ in the administration vehicle or the dosage form manufacturing process, or by separately reacting a purified compound of the invention in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed during subsequent purification. Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts and the like. (See, for example, Berge et al. (1977) “Pharmaceutical Salts”, J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19).

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the subject compounds include the conventional nontoxic salts or quaternary ammonium salts of the compounds, e.g., from non-toxic organic or inorganic acids. For example, such conventional nontoxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric, and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, palmitic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicyclic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isothionic, and the like.

In other cases, the compounds of the present invention may contain one or more acidic functional groups and, thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically-acceptable salts with pharmaceutically-acceptable bases. The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable salts” in these instances refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic base addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can likewise be prepared in situ in the administration vehicle or the dosage form manufacturing process, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid form with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically-acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically-acceptable organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine. Representative alkali or alkaline earth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum salts and the like. Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine and the like. (See, for example, Berge et al., supra)

Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.

Examples of pharmaceutically-acceptable antioxidants include: (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.

Formulations of the present invention include those suitable for oral, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), rectal, vaginal and/or parenteral administration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host being treated, the particular mode of administration. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred percent, this amount will range from about 0.1 percent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, preferably from about 5 percent to about 70 percent, most preferably from about 10 percent to about 30 percent.

In certain embodiments, a formulation of the present invention comprises an excipient selected from the group consisting of cyclodextrins, celluloses, liposomes, micelle forming agents, e.g., bile acids, and polymeric carriers, e.g., polyesters and polyanhydrides; and a compound of the present invention. In certain embodiments, an aforementioned formulation renders orally bioavailable a compound of the present invention.

Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the step of bringing into association a compound of the present invention with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association a compound of the present invention with liquid carriers, or finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

Formulations of the invention suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the present invention as an active ingredient. A compound of the present invention may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.

In solid dosage forms of the invention for oral administration (capsules, tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules, trouches and the like), the active ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds and surfactants, such as poloxamer and sodium lauryl sulfate; (7) wetting agents, such as, for example, cetyl alcohol, glycerol monostearate, and non-ionic surfactants; (8) absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, zinc stearate, sodium stearate, stearic acid, and mixtures thereof; (10) coloring agents; and (11) controlled release agents such as crospovidone or ethyl cellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the pharmaceutical compositions may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-shelled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.

The tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, such as dragees, capsules, pills and granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres. They may be formulated for rapid release, e.g., freeze-dried. They may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use. These compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. The active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration of the compounds of the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredient, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.

Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.

Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.

Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the invention with one or more suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Formulations of the present invention which are suitable for vaginal administration also include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.

Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants. The active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants which may be required.

The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a compound of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.

Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound of the present invention to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate of such flux can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders, solutions and the like, are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.

Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention suitable for parenteral administration comprise one or more compounds of the invention in combination with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain sugars, alcohols, antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.

Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers which may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.

These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms upon the subject compounds may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally-administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.

Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissue.

When the compounds of the present invention are administered as pharmaceuticals, to humans and animals, they can be given per se or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1 to 99% (more preferably, 10 to 30%) of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The preparations of the present invention may be given orally, parenterally, topically, or rectally. They are of course given in forms suitable for each administration route. For example, they are administered in tablets or capsule form, by injection, inhalation, eye lotion, ointment, suppository, etc. administration by injection, infusion or inhalation; topical by lotion or ointment; and rectal by suppositories. Oral administrations are preferred.

The phrases “parenteral administration” and “administered parenterally” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticulare, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrastemal injection and infusion.

The phrases “systemic administration,” “administered systemically,” “peripheral administration” and “administered peripherally” as used herein mean the administration of a compound, drug or other material other than directly into the central nervous system, such that it enters the patient's system and, thus, is subject to metabolism and other like processes, for example, subcutaneous administration.

These compounds may be administered to humans and other animals for therapy by any suitable route of administration, including orally, nasally, as by, for example, a spray, rectally, intravaginally, parenterally, intracistemally and topically, as by powders, ointments or drops, including buccally and sublingually.

Regardless of the route of administration selected, the compounds of the present invention, which may be used in a suitable hydrated form, and/or the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, are formulated into pharmaceutically-acceptable dosage forms by conventional methods known to those of skill in the art.

Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.

The selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound of the present invention employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion or metabolism of the particular compound being employed, the rate and extent of absorption, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compound employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.

A physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required. For example, the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the compounds of the invention employed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.

In general, a suitable daily dose of a compound of the invention will be that amount of the compound which is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect. Such an effective dose will generally depend upon the factors described above. Generally, oral, intravenous, intracerebroventricular and subcutaneous doses of the compounds of this invention for a patient, when used for the indicated analgesic effects, will range from about 0.0001 to about 100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day.

If desired, the effective daily dose of the active compound may be administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day, optionally, in unit dosage forms. Preferred dosing is one administration per day.

While it is possible for a compound of the present invention to be administered alone, it is preferable to administer the compound as a pharmaceutical formulation (composition).

The compounds according to the invention may be formulated for administration in any convenient way for use in human or veterinary medicine, by analogy with other pharmaceuticals.

In another aspect, the present invention provides pharmaceutically acceptable compositions which comprise a therapeutically-effective amount of one or more of the subject compounds, as described above, formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (additives) and/or diluents. As described in detail below, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be specially formulated for administration in solid or liquid form, including those adapted for the following: (1) oral administration, for example, drenches (aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions), tablets, boluses, powders, granules, pastes for application to the tongue; (2) parenteral administration, for example, by subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection as, for example, a sterile solution or suspension; (3) topical application, for example, as a cream, ointment or spray applied to the skin, lungs, or mucous membranes; or (4) intravaginally or intrarectally, for example, as a pessary, cream or foam; (5) sublingually or buccally; (6) ocularly; (7) transdermally; or (8) nasally.

The term “treatment” is intended to encompass also prophylaxis, therapy and cure.

The patient receiving this treatment is any animal in need, including primates, in particular humans, and other mammals such as equines, cattle, swine and sheep; and poultry and pets in general.

The compound of the invention can be administered as such or in admixtures with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and can also be administered in conjunction with antimicrobial agents such as penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and glycopeptides. Conjunctive therapy, thus includes sequential, simultaneous and separate administration of the active compound in a way that the therapeutical effects of the first administered one is not entirely disappeared when the subsequent is administered.

Microemulsification technology can improve bioavailability of some lipophilic (water insoluble) pharmaceutical agents. Examples include Trimetrine (Dordunoo, S. K., et al., Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 17(12), 1685-1713, 1991 and REV 5901 (Sheen, P. C., et al., J Pharm Sci 80(7), 712-714, 1991). Among other things, microemulsification provides enhanced bioavailability by preferentially directing absorption to the lymphatic system instead of the circulatory system, which thereby bypasses the liver, and prevents destruction of the compounds in the hepatobiliary circulation.

While all suitable amphiphilic carriers are contemplated, the presently preferred carriers are generally those that have Generally-Recognized-as-Safe (GRAS) status, and that can both solubilize the compound of the present invention and microemulsify it at a later stage when the solution comes into a contact with a complex water phase (such as one found in human gastrointestinal tract). Usually, amphiphilic ingredients that satisfy these requirements have HLB (hydrophilic to lipophilic balance) values of 2-20, and their structures contain straight chain aliphatic radicals in the range of C-6 to C-20. Examples are polyethylene-glycolized fatty glycerides and polyethylene glycols.

Commercially available amphiphilic carriers are particularly contemplated, including Gelucire-series, Labrafil, Labrasol, or Lauroglycol (all manufactured and distributed by Gattefosse Corporation, Saint Priest, France), PEG-mono-oleate, PEG-di-oleate, PEG-mono-laurate and di-laurate, Lecithin, Polysorbate 80, etc (produced and distributed by a number of companies in USA and worldwide).

Hydrophilic polymers suitable for use in the present invention are those which are readily water-soluble, can be covalently attached to a vesicle-forming lipid, and which are tolerated in vivo without toxic effects (i.e., are biocompatible). Suitable polymers include polyethylene glycol (PEG), polylactic (also termed polylactide), polyglycolic acid (also termed polyglycolide), a polylactic-polyglycolic acid copolymer, and polyvinyl alcohol. Preferred polymers are those having a molecular weight of from about 100 or 120 daltons up to about 5,000 or 10,000 daltons, and more preferably from about 300 daltons to about 5,000 daltons. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the polymer is polyethyleneglycol having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 5,000 daltons, and more preferably having a molecular weight of from about 300 to about 5,000 daltons. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the polymer is polyethyleneglycol of 750 daltons (PEG(750)). Polymers may also be defined by the number of monomers therein; a preferred embodiment of the present invention utilizes polymers of at least about three monomers, such PEG polymers consisting of three monomers (approximately 150 daltons).

Other hydrophilic polymers which may be suitable for use in the present invention include polyvinylpyrrolidone, polymethoxazoline, polyethyloxazoline, polyhydroxypropyl methacrylamide, polymethacrylamide, polydimethylacrylamide, and derivatized celluloses such as hydroxymethylcellulose or hydroxyethylcellulose.

In certain embodiments, a formulation of the present invention comprises a biocompatible polymer selected from the group consisting of polyamides, polycarbonates, polyalkylenes, polymers of acrylic and methacrylic esters, polyvinyl polymers, polyglycolides, polysiloxanes, polyurethanes and co-polymers thereof, celluloses, polypropylene, polyethylenes, polystyrene, polymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid, polyanhydrides, poly(ortho)esters, poly(butic acid), poly(valeric acid), poly(lactide-co-caprolactone), polysaccharides, proteins, polyhyaluronic acids, polycyanoacrylates, and blends, mixtures, or copolymers thereof.

Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides, consisting of 6, 7 or 8 glucose units, designated by the Greek letter alpha, beta or gamma, respectively. Cyclodextrins with fewer than six glucose units are not known to exist. The glucose units are linked by alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds. As a consequence of the chair conformation of the sugar units, all secondary hydroxyl groups (at C-2, C-3) are located on one side of the ring, while all the primary hydroxyl groups at C-6 are situated on the other side. As a result, the external faces are hydrophilic, making the cyclodextrins water-soluble. In contrast, the cavities of the cyclodextrins are hydrophobic, since they are lined by the hydrogen of atoms C-3 and C-5, and by ether-like oxygens. These matrices allow complexation with a variety of relatively hydrophobic compounds, including, for instance, steroid compounds such as 17.beta.-estradiol (see, e.g., van Uden et al. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 38:1-3-113 (1994)). The complexation takes place by Van der Waals interactions and by hydrogen bond formation. For a general review of the chemistry of cyclodextrins, see, Wenz, Agnew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 33:803-822 (1994).

The physico-chemical properties of the cyclodextrin derivatives depend strongly on the kind and the degree of substitution. For example, their solubility in water ranges from insoluble (e.g., triacetyl-beta-cyclodextrin) to 147% soluble (w/v) (G-2-beta-cyclodextrin). In addition, they are soluble in many organic solvents. The properties of the cyclodextrins enable the control over solubility of various formulation components by increasing or decreasing their solubility.

Numerous cyclodextrins and methods for their preparation have been described. For example, Parmeter (I), et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 3,453,259) and Gramera, et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 3,459,731) described electroneutral cyclodextrins. Other derivatives include cyclodextrins with cationic properties [Parmeter (II), U.S. Pat. No. 3,453,257], insoluble crosslinked cyclodextrins (Solms, U.S. Pat. No. 3,420,788), and cyclodextrins with anionic properties [Parmeter (III), U.S. Pat. No. 3,426,011], Among the cyclodextrin derivatives with anionic properties, carboxylic acids, phosphorous acids, phosphinous acids, phosphonic acids, phosphoric acids, thiophosphonic acids, thiosulphinic acids, and sulfonic acids have been appended to the parent cyclodextrin [see, Parmeter (III), supra]. Furthermore, sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin derivatives have been described by Stella, et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,134,127).

Liposomes consist of at least one lipid bilayer membrane enclosing an aqueous internal compartment. Liposomes may be characterized by membrane type and by size. Small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) have a single membrane and typically range between 0.02 and 0.05 μm in diameter; large unilamellar vesicles (LUVS) are typically larger than 0.05 μm Oligolamellar large vesicles and multilamellar vesicles have multiple, usually concentric, membrane layers and are typically larger than 0.1 μm. Liposomes with several nonconcentric membranes, i.e., several smaller vesicles contained within a larger vesicle, are termed multivesicular vesicles.

One aspect of the present invention relates to formulations comprising liposomes containing a compound of the present invention, where the liposome membrane is formulated to provide a liposome with increased carrying capacity. Alternatively or in addition, the compound of the present invention may be contained within, or adsorbed onto, the liposome bilayer of the liposome. The compound of the present invention may be aggregated with a lipid surfactant and carried within the liposome's internal space; in these cases, the liposome membrane is formulated to resist the disruptive effects of the active agent-surfactant aggregate.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the lipid bilayer of a liposome contains lipids derivatized with polyethylene glycol (PEG), such that the PEG chains extend from the inner surface of the lipid bilayer into the interior space encapsulated by the liposome, and extend from the exterior of the lipid bilayer into the surrounding environment.

Active agents contained within liposomes of the present invention are in solubilized form. Aggregates of surfactant and active agent (such as emulsions or micelles containing the active agent of interest) may be entrapped within the interior space of liposomes according to the present invention. A surfactant acts to disperse and solubilize the active agent, and may be selected from any suitable aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic surfactant, including but not limited to biocompatible lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) of varying chain lengths (for example, from about C.sub.14 to about C.sub.20). Polymer-derivatized lipids such as PEG-lipids may also be utilized for micelle formation as they will act to inhibit micelle/membrane fusion, and as the addition of a polymer to surfactant molecules decreases the CMC of the surfactant and aids in micelle formation. Preferred are surfactants with CMCs in the micromolar range; higher CMC surfactants may be utilized to prepare micelles entrapped within liposomes of the present invention, however, micelle surfactant monomers could affect liposome bilayer stability and would be a factor in designing a liposome of a desired stability.

Liposomes according to the present invention may be prepared by any of a variety of techniques that are known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,235,871; Published PCT applications WO 96/14057; New RRC, Liposomes: A practical approach, IRL Press, Oxford (1990), pages 33-104; Lasic DD, Liposomes from physics to applications, Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam, 1993.

For example, liposomes of the present invention may be prepared by diffusing a lipid derivatized with a hydrophilic polymer into preformed liposomes, such as by exposing preformed liposomes to micelles composed of lipid-grafted polymers, at lipid concentrations corresponding to the final mole percent of derivatized lipid which is desired in the liposome. Liposomes containing a hydrophilic polymer can also be formed by homogenization, lipid-field hydration, or extrusion techniques, as are known in the art.

In one aspect of the present invention, the liposomes are prepared to have substantially homogeneous sizes in a selected size range. One effective sizing method involves extruding an aqueous suspension of the liposomes through a series of polycarbonate membranes having a selected uniform pore size; the pore size of the membrane will correspond roughly with the largest sizes of liposomes produced by extrusion through that membrane. See e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,737,323 (Apr. 12, 1988).

The release characteristics of a formulation of the present invention depend on the encapsulating material, the concentration of encapsulated drug, and the presence of release modifiers. For example, release can be manipulated to be pH dependent, for example, using a pH sensitive coating that releases only at a low pH, as in the stomach, or a higher pH, as in the intestine. An enteric coating can be used to prevent release from occurring until after passage through the stomach. Multiple coatings or mixtures of cyanamide encapsulated in different materials can be used to obtain an initial release in the stomach, followed by later release in the intestine. Release can also be manipulated by inclusion of salts or pore forming agents, which can increase water uptake or release of drug by diffusion from the capsule. Excipients which modify the solubility of the drug can also be used to control the release rate. Agents which enhance degradation of the matrix or release from the matrix can also be incorporated. They can be added to the drug, added as a separate phase (i.e., as particulates), or can be co-dissolved in the polymer phase depending on the compound. In all cases the amount should be between 0.1 and thirty percent (w/w polymer). Types of degradation enhancers include inorganic salts such as ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride, organic acids such as citric acid, benzoic acid, and ascorbic acid, inorganic bases such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, calcium carbonate, zinc carbonate, and zinc hydroxide, and organic bases such as protamine sulfate, spermine, choline, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, and triethanolamine and surfactants such as Tween® and Pluronic®. Pore forming agents which add microstructure to the matrices (i.e., water soluble compounds such as inorganic salts and sugars) are added as particulates. The range should be between one and thirty percent (w/w polymer).

Uptake can also be manipulated by altering residence time of the particles in the gut. This can be achieved, for example, by coating the particle with, or selecting as the encapsulating material, a mucosal adhesive polymer. Examples include most polymers with free carboxyl groups, such as chitosan, celluloses, and especially polyacrylates (as used herein, polyacrylates refers to polymers including acrylate groups and modified acrylate groups such as cyanoacrylates and methacrylates).

Pharmaceutical Combinations

The invention especially relates to the use of a compound of the formula I (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the formula I) in the treatment of one or more of the diseases mentioned herein; wherein the response to treatment is beneficial as demonstrated, for example, by the partial or complete removal of one or more of the symptoms of the disease up to complete cure or remission.

A compound of formula (I) can also be used in combination with the following compounds and antibody-drug conjugates:

BCR-ABL inhibitors: Imatinib (Gleevec®); Inilotinib hydrochloride; Nilotinib (Tasigna®); Dasatinib (BMS-345825); Bosutinib (SKI-606); Ponatinib (AP24534); Bafetinib (INN0406); Danusertib (PHA-739358), AT9283 (CAS 1133385-83-7); Saracatinib (AZD0530); and A-[2-[(lSj4R)-6-[[4-(Cyclobutylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1,4-imin-9-yl]-2-oxoethyl]-acetamide (PF-03814735, CAS 942487-16-3).

ALK inhibitors: PF-2341066 (XALKORI®; crizotinib); 5-chloro-N4-(2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl)-N2-(2-methoxy-4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine; GSK1838705A; and CH₅₄₂₄₈₀₂.

BRAF inhibitors: Vemurafanib (PLX4032); and Dabrafenib.

FLT3 inhibitors—sunitinib malate (sold under the tradename Sutent® by Pfizer); PKC412 (midostaurin); tanutinib, sorafenib, sunitinib, midostaurin, lestaurtinib, KW-2449, quizartinib (AC220) and crenolanib.

MEK Inhibitors—trametinib.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) receptor inhibitors: Bevacizumab (sold under the trademark Avastin® by Genentech/Roche), axitinib, (N-methyl-2-[[3-[(E)-2-pyridin-2-ylethenyl]-1H-indazol-6-yl]sulfanyl]benzamide, also known as AG013736, and described in PCT Publication No. WO 01/002369), Brivanib Alaninate ((S)-((R)-1-(4-(4-Fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy)propan-2-yl)₂-aminopropanoate, also known as BMS-582664), motesanib (N-(2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-1H-indol-6-yl)-2-[(4-pyridinylmethyl)amino]-3-pyridinecarboxamide, and described in PCT Publication No. WO 02/066470), pasireotide (also known as SOM230, and described in PCT Publication No. WO 02/010192), sorafenib (sold under the tradename Nexavar®);

HER2 receptor inhibitors: Trastuzumab (sold under the trademark Herceptin® by Genentech/Roche), neratinib (also known as HKI-272, (2E)-N-[4-[[3-chloro-4-[(pyridin-2-yl)methoxy]phenyl]amino]-3-cyano-7-ethoxyquinobn-6-yl]-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide, and described PCT Publication No. WO 05/028443), lapatinib or lapatinib ditosylate (sold under the trademark Tykerb® by GlaxoSmithKline); Trastuzumab emtansine (in the United States, ado-trastuzumab emtansine, trade name Kadcyla)—an antibody-drug conjugate consisting of the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) linked to the cytotoxic agent mertansine (DM1);

CD20 antibodies: Rituximab (sold under the trademarks Riuxan® and MabThera® by Genentech/Roche), tositumomab (sold under the trademarks Bexxar® by GlaxoSmithKline), ofatumumab (sold under the trademark Arzerra® by GlaxoSmithKline);

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: Erlotinib hydrochloride (sold under the trademark Tarceva® by Genentech/Roche), Linifanib (N-[4-(3-amino-1H-indazol-4-yl)phenyl]-N′-(2-fluoro-5-methylphenyl)urea, also known as ABT 869, available from Genentech), sunitinib malate (sold under the tradename Sutent® by Pfizer), bosutinib (4-[(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino]-6-methoxy-7-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy]quinoline-3-carbonitrile, also known as SKI-606, and described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,780,996), dasatinib (sold under the tradename Sprycel® by Bristol-Myers Squibb), armala (also known as pazopanib, sold under the tradename Votrient® by GlaxoSmithKline), imatinib and imatinib mesylate (sold under the tradenames Gilvec® and Gleevec® by Novartis);

DNA Synthesis inhibitors: Capecitabine (sold under the trademark Xeloda® by Roche), gemcitabine hydrochloride (sold under the trademark Gemzar® by Eli Lilly and Company), nelarabine ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-2-(2-amino-6-methoxy-purin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol, sold under the tradenames Arranon® and Atriance® by GlaxoSmithKline);

Antineoplastic agents: oxaliplatin (sold under the tradename Eloxatin® ay Sanofi-Aventis and described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,169,846);

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors: Gefitnib (sold under the tradename Iressa®), N-[4-[(3-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl)amino]-7-[[(3“S”)-tetrahydro-3-furanyl]oxy]-6-quinazolinyl]-4(dimethylamino)-2-butenamide, sold under the tradename Tovok® by Boehringer Ingelheim), cetuximab (sold under the tradename Erbitux® by Bristol-Myers Squibb), panitumumab (sold under the tradename Vectibix® by Amgen);

HER dimerization inhibitors: Pertuzumab (sold under the trademark Omnitarg®, by Genentech);

Human Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) modulators: Filgrastim (sold under the tradename Neupogen® by Amgen);

Immunomodulators: Afutuzumab (available from Roche®), pegfdgrastim (sold under the tradename Neulasta® by Amgen), lenalidomide (also known as CC-5013, sold under the tradename Revlimid®), thalidomide (sold under the tradename Thalomid®);

CD40 inhibitors: Dacetuzumab (also known as SGN-40 or huS2C₆, available from Seattle Genetics, Inc);

Pro-apoptotic receptor agonists (PARAs): Dulanermin (also known as AMG-951, available from Amgen/Genentech);

Hedgehog antagonists: 2-chloro-N-[4-chloro-3-(2-pyridinyl)phenyl]-4-(methylsulfonyl)-benzamide (also known as GDC-0449, and described in PCT Publication No. WO 06/028958);

PI3K inhibitors: 4-[2-(1H-Indazol-4-yl)-6-[[4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl]methyl]thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]morpholine (also known as GDC 0941 and described in PCT Publication Nos. WO 09/036082 and WO 09/055730), 2-Methyl-2-[4-[3-methyl-2-oxo-8-(quinolin-3-yl)-2,3-dihydroimidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl]phenyl]propionitrile (also known as BEZ 235 or NVP-BEZ 235, and described in PCT Publication No. WO 06/122806);

Phospholipase A2 inhibitors: Anagrelide (sold under the tradename Agrylin®);

BCL-2 inhibitors: 4-[4-[[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl]methyl]-1-piperazinyl]—N-[[4-[[(1R)-3-(4-morpholinyl)-1-[(phenylthio)methyl]propyl]amino]-3-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]phenyl]sulfonyl]benzamide (also known as ABT-263 and described in PCT Publication No. WO 09/155386);

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors: XL-518 (Cas No. 1029872-29-4, available from ACC Corp.);

Aromatase inhibitors: Exemestane (sold under the trademark Aromasin® by Pfizer), letrozole (sold under the tradename Femara® by Novartis), anastrozole (sold under the tradename Arimidex®);

Topoisomerase I inhibitors: Irinotecan (sold under the trademark Camptosar® by Pfizer), topotecan hydrochloride (sold under the tradename Hycamtin® by GlaxoSmithKline);

Topoisomerase II inhibitors: etoposide (also known as VP-16 and Etoposide phosphate, sold under the tradenames Toposar®, VePesid® and Etopophos®), teniposide (also known as VM-26, sold under the tradename Vumon®);

mTOR inhibitors: Temsirolimus (sold under the tradename Torisel® by Pfizer), ridaforolimus (formally known as deferolimus, (1R,2R,4S)-4-[(2R)-2 [(1R,9S,12S,15R,16E,18R,19R,21R,23S,24E,26E,28Z,30S,32S,35R)-1,18-dihydroxy-19,30-dimethoxy-15,17,21,23, 29,35-hexamethyl-2,3,10,14,20-pentaoxo-11,36-dioxa-4-azatricyclo[30.3.1.0^(4,9)]hexatriaconta-16,24,26,28-tetraen-12-yl]propyl]-2-methoxycyclohexyl dimethylphosphinate, also known as AP23573 and MK8669, and described in PCT Publication No. WO 03/064383), everolimus (sold under the tradename Afinitor® by Novartis);

Osteoclastic bone resorption inhibitors: l-Hydroxy-2-imidazol-1-yl-phosphonoethyl) phosphonic acid monohydrate (sold under the tradename Zometa® by Novartis);

CD33 Antibody Drug Conjugates: Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (sold under the tradename Mylotarg® by Pfizer/Wyeth);

CD22 Antibody Drug Conjugates: Inotuzumab ozogamicin (also referred to as CMC-544 and WAY-207294, available from Hangzhou Sage Chemical Co., Ltd.);

CD20 Antibody Drug Conjugates: Ibritumomab tiuxetan (sold under the tradename Zevalin®);

Somatostain analogs: octreotide (also known as octreotide acetate, sold under the tradenames Sandostatin® and Sandostatin LAR®);

Synthetic Interleukin-11 (IL-11): oprelvekin (sold under the tradename Neumega® by Pfizer/Wyeth):

Synthetic erythropoietin: Darbepoetin alfa (sold under the tradename Aranesp® by Amgen);

Receptor Activator for Nuclear Factor κ B (RANK) inhibitors: Denosumab (sold under the tradename Prolia® by Amgen);

Thrombopoietin mimetic peptibodies: Romiplostim (sold under the tradename Nplate® by Amgen;

Cell growth stimulators: Palifermin (sold under the tradename Kepivance® by Amgen);

Anti-Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) antibodies: Figitumumab (also known as CP-751,871, available from ACC Corp), robatumumab (CAS No. 934235-44-6);

Anti-CS1 antibodies: Elotuzumab (HuLuc63, CAS No. 915296-00-3);

CD52 antibodies: Alemtuzumab (sold under the tradename Campath®);

CTLA-4 inhibitors: Tremelimumab (IgG2 monoclonal antibody available from Pfizer, formerly known as ticilimumab, CP-675,206), ipilimumab (CTLA-4 antibody, also known as MDX-010, CAS No. 477202-00-9);

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDI): Voninostat (sold under the tradename Zolinza® by Merck);

Alkylating agents: Temozolomide (sold under the tradenames Temodar® and Temodal® by Schering-Plough/Merck), dactinomycin (also known as actinomycin-D and sold under the tradename Cosmegen®), melphalan (also known as L-PAM, L-sarcolysin, and phenylalanine mustard, sold under the tradename Alkeran®), altretamine (also known as hexamethylmelamine (HMM), sold under the tradename Hexalen®), carmustine (sold under the tradename BiCNU®), bendamustine (sold under the tradename Treanda®), busulfan (sold under the tradenames Busulfex® and Myleran®), carboplatin (sold under the tradename Paraplatin®), lomustine (also known as CCNU, sold under the tradename CeeNU®), cisplatin (also known as CDDP, sold under the tradenames Platinol® and Platinol®-AQ), chlorambucil (sold under the tradename Leukeran®), cyclophosphamide (sold under the tradenames Cytoxan® and Neosar®), dacarbazine (also known as DTIC, DIC and imidazole carboxamide, sold under the tradename DTIC-Dome®), altretamine (also known as hexamethylmelamine (HMM) sold under the tradename Hexalen®), ifosfamide (sold under the tradename Ifex®), procarbazine (sold under the tradename Matulane®), mechlorethamine (also known as nitrogen mustard, mustine and mechloroethamine hydrochloride, sold under the tradename Mustargen®), streptozocin (sold under the tradename Zanosar®), thiotepa (also known as thiophosphoamide, TESPA and TSPA, sold under the tradename Thioplex®;

Biologic response modifiers: bacillus calmette-guerin (sold under the tradenames theraCys® and TICE® BCG), denileukin diftitox (sold under the tradename Ontak®);

Anti-tumor antibiotics: doxorubicin (sold under the tradenames Adriamycin® and Rubex®), bleomycin (sold under the tradename Lenoxane®), daunorubicin (also known as dauorubicin hydrochloride, daunomycin, and rubidomycin hydrochloride, sold under the tradename Cerubidine®), daunorubicin liposomal (daunorubicin citrate liposome, sold under the tradename DaunoXome®), mitoxantrone (also known as DHAD, sold under the tradename Novantrone®), epirubicin (sold under the tradename Ellence™), idarubicin (sold under the tradenames Idamycin®, Idamycin PFS®), mitomycin C (sold under the tradename Mutamycin®);

Anti-microtubule agents: Estramustine (sold under the tradename Emcyl®);

Cathepsin K inhibitors: Odanacatib (also know as MK-0822, N-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide, available from Lanzhou Chon Chemicals, ACC Corp., and ChemieTek, and described in PCT Publication no. WO 03/075836);

Epothilone B analogs: Ixabepilone (sold under the tradename Lxempra® by Bristol-Myers Squibb);

Heat Shock Protein (HSP) inhibitors: Tanespimycin (17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, also known as KOS-953 and 17-AAG, available from SIGMA, and described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,261,989);

TpoR agonists: Eltrombopag (sold under the tradenames Promacta® and Revolade® by Glaxo SmithKline);

Anti-mitotic agents: Docetaxel (sold under the tradename Taxotere® by Sanofi-Aventis);

Adrenal steroid inhibitors: aminoglutethimide (sold under the tradename Cytadren®);

Anti-androgens: Nilutamide (sold under the tradenames Nilandron® and Anandron®), bicalutamide (sold under tradename Casodex®), flutamide (sold under the tradename Fulexin™);

Androgens: Fluoxymesterone (sold under the tradename Halotestin®);

Proteasome inhibitors: Bortezomib (sold under the tradename Velcade®);

CDK1 inhibitors: Alvocidib (also known as flovopirdol or HMR-1275, 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-8-[(3S,4R)-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-4-piperidinyl]-4-chromenone, and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,621,002);

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor agonists: Leuprolide or leuprolide acetate (sold under the tradenames Viadure® by Bayer AG, Eligard® by Sanofi-Aventis and Lupron® by Abbott Lab);

Taxane anti-neoplastic agents: Cabazitaxel (1-hydroxy-7β,10β-dimethoxy-9-oxo-5β,20-epoxytax-11-ene-2α,4,13α-triyl-4-acetate-2-benzoate-13-[(2R,3S)-3-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoate), larotaxel ((2α,3ξ,4α,5β,7α,10β,13α)-4,10-bis(acetyloxy)-13-({(2R,3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl) amino]-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl}oxy)-1-hydroxy-9-oxo-5,20-epoxy-7,19-cyclotax-11-en-2-yl benzoate);

5HT1a receptor agonists: Xaliproden (also known as SR57746, 1-[2-(2-naphthyl)ethyl]-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,573);

HPC vaccines: Cervarix® sold by GlaxoSmithKline, Gardasil® sold by Merck;

Iron Chelating agents: Deferasinox (sold under the tradename Exjade® by Novartis);

Anti-metabolites: Claribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine, sold under the tradename Leustatin®), 5-fluorouracil (sold under the tradename Adrucil®), 6-thioguanine (sold under the tradename Purinethol®), pemetrexed (sold under the tradename Alimta®), cytarabine (also known as arabinosylcytosine (Ara-C), sold under the tradename Cytosar-U®), cytarabine liposomal (also known as Liposomal Ara-C, sold under the tradename DepoCyt™), decitabine (sold under the tradename Dacogen®), hydroxyurea (sold under the tradenames Hydrea®, Droxia™ and Mylocel™), fludarabine (sold under the tradename Fludara®), floxuridine (sold under the tradename FUDR®), cladribine (also known as 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA) sold under the tradename Leustatin™), methotrexate (also known as amethopterin, methotrexate sodim (MTX), sold under the tradenames Rheumatrex® and Trexall™), pentostatin (sold under the tradename Nipent®);

Bisphosphonates: Pamidronate (sold under the tradename Aredia®), zoledronic acid (sold under the tradename Zometa®);

Demethylating agents: 5-azacitidine (sold under the tradename Vidaza®), decitabine (sold under the tradename Dacogen®);

Plant Alkaloids: Paclitaxel protein-bound (sold under the tradename Abraxane®), vinblastine (also known as vinblastine sulfate, vincaleukoblastine and VLB, sold under the tradenames Alkaban-AQ® and Velban®), vincristine (also known as vincristine sulfate, LCR, and VCR, sold under the tradenames Oncovin® and Vincasar Pfs®), vinorelbine (sold under the tradename Navelbine®), paclitaxel (sold under the tradenames Taxol and Onxal™);

Retinoids: Alitretinoin (sold under the tradename Panretin®), tretinoin (all-trans retinoic acid, also known as ATRA, sold under the tradename Vesanoid®), Isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid, sold under the tradenames Accutane®, Amnesteem®, Claravis®, Clarus®, Decutan®, Isotane®, Izotech®, Oratane®, Isotret®, and Sotret®), bexarotene (sold under the tradename Targretin®);

Glucocorticosteroids: Hydrocortisone (also known as cortisone, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, hydrocortisone sodium phosphate, and sold under the tradenames Ala-Cort®, Hydrocortisone Phosphate, Solu-Cortef®, Hydrocort Acetate® and Lanacort®), dexamethazone ((8S,9R,10S,11S,13S,14S,16R,17R)-9-fluoro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy acetyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one), prednisolone (sold under the tradenames Delta-Cortel®, Orapred®, Pediapred® and Prelone®), prednisone (sold under the tradenames Deltasone®, Liquid Red®, Meticorten® and Orasone®), methylprednisolone (also known as 6-Methylprednisolone, Methylprednisolone Acetate, Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate, sold under the tradenames Duralone®, Medralone®, Medrol®, M-Prednisol® and Solu-Medrol®);

Cytokines: interleukin-2 (also known as aldesleukin and IL-2, sold under the tradename Proleukin®), interleukin-11 (also known as oprevelkin, sold under the tradename Neumega®), alpha interferon alfa (also known as IFN-alpha, sold under the tradenames Intron® A, and Roferon-A®);

Estrogen receptor downregulators: Fulvestrant (sold under the tradename Faslodex®);

Anti-estrogens: tamoxifen (sold under the tradename Novaldex®);

Toremifene (sold under the tradename Fareston®);

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs): Raloxifene (sold under the tradename Evista®);

Leutinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists: Goserelin (sold under the tradename Zoladex®);

Progesterones: megestrol (also known as megestrol acetate, sold under the tradename Megace®);

Miscellaneous cytotoxic agents: Arsenic trioxide (sold under the tradename Trisenox®), asparaginase (also known as L-asparaginase, Erwinia L-asparaginase, sold under the tradenames Elspar® and Kidrolase®);

A compound of formula (I) can also be used in combination with the following adjunct therapies:

Anti-nausea drugs: NK-1 receptor antagonists: Casopitant (sold under the tradenames Rezonic® and Zunrisa® by GlaxoSmithKline); and

Cytoprotective agents: Amifostine (sold under the tradename Ethyol®), leucovorin (also known as calcium leucovorin, citrovorum factor and folinic acid).

None of the quotations of references made within the present disclosure is to be understood as an admission that the references cited are prior art that would negatively affect the patentability of the present invention.

Processes for Making Compounds of the Invention

The present invention also includes processes for the preparation of compounds of the invention. In the reactions described, it can be necessary to protect reactive functional groups, for example hydroxy, amino, imino, thio or carboxy groups, where these are desired in the final product, to avoid their unwanted participation in the reactions. Conventional protecting groups can be used in accordance with standard practice, for example, see T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts in “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley and Sons, 1991.

Compounds of Formula I can be prepared by proceeding as in the following Reaction Scheme I:

in which X, Y₁; Y₂, Y₃, Y₄, R₁, R₂, R_(4a), R_(4b), R_(5a), R_(5b), R_(6a) and R_(6b), are as defined by the Summary of the Invention. Compounds of formula I can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula 2 with a compound of formula 3 in the presence of a suitable solvent (such as MeCN, DMF, or the like), a suitable coupling agent (such as BOP-Cl, BOP, or the like) and a suitable catalyst (such as DBU, or the like). The reaction proceeds at a temperature range of about 15° C. to about 100° C. and can take from about 1 hour to about 24 hours to complete.

in which X, Y₁, Y₂, Y₃, R₁, R₂, R_(4a), R_(4b), R_(5a), R_(5b), R_(6a) and R_(6b) are as defined by the Summary of the Invention and Q is a leaving group such as methyl-sulfonyl, chloro, or the like. Compounds of formula I can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula 4 with a compound of formula 3 in the presence of a suitable solvent (such as DMSO, NMP, or the like) and a suitable base (such as DIPEA, or the like). The reaction proceeds at a temperature range of about 80° C. to about 140° C. and can take from about 1 hour to about 24 hours to complete.

Compounds of Formula I, in which Y3 is carbon, can be prepared by proceeding as in the following Reaction Scheme III:

in which X, Y₁, Y₂, Y₄, R₁, R₂, R_(4a), R_(4b), R_(5a), R_(5b), R_(6a) and R_(6b) are as defined by the Summary of the Invention. Compounds of formula I can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula 5 with a compound of formula 6 in the presence of a suitable solvent (such as THF, or the like), a suitable catalyst (such as Chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′-biphenyl)[2-(2′-amino-1,1′-biphenyl)]palladium(II), or the like) and a suitable buffering agent (such as potassium phosphate, or the like). The reaction proceeds at a temperature range of about 15° C. to about 100° C. and can take from about 1 hour to about 24 hours to complete.

Detailed examples of the synthesis of compounds of Formula I can be found in the Examples, infra.

Additional Processes for Making Compounds of the Invention

A compound of the invention can be prepared as a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt by reacting the free base form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acid. Alternatively, a pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt of a compound of the invention can be prepared by reacting the free acid form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic base.

Compounds of the formula I can also be modified by appending appropriate functionalities to enhance selective biological properties. Modifications of this kind are known in the art and include those that increase penetration into a given biological system (e.g. blood, lymphatic system, central nervous system, testis), increase bioavailability, increase solubility to allow parenteral administration (e.g. injection, infusion), alter metabolism and/or alter the rate of secretion. Examples of this type of modifications include but are not limited to esterification, e.g. with polyethylene glycols, derivatisation with pivaloyloxy or fatty acid substituents, conversion to carbamates, hydroxylation of aromatic rings and heteroatom substitution in aromatic rings. Wherever compounds of the formula I, and/or N-oxides, tautomers and/or (preferably pharmaceutically acceptable) salts thereof are mentioned, this comprises such modified formulae, while preferably the molecules of the formula I, their N-oxides, their tautomers and/or their salts are meant.

Alternatively, the salt forms of the compounds of the invention can be prepared using salts of the starting materials or intermediates. In view of the close relationship between the novel compounds of the formula I in free form and those in the form of their salts, including those salts that can be used as intermediates, for example in the purification or identification of the novel compounds, any reference to the compounds or a compound of the formula I hereinbefore and hereinafter is to be understood as referring to the compound in free form and/or also to one or more salts thereof, as appropriate and expedient, as well as to one or more solvates, e.g. hydrates.

Salts are formed, for example, as acid addition salts, preferably with organic or inorganic acids, from compounds of formula I with a basic nitrogen atom, especially the pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Suitable inorganic acids are, for example, halogen acids, such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, or phosphoric acid. Suitable organic acids are, for example, carboxylic, phosphonic, sulfonic or sulfamic acids, for example acetic acid, propionic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, amino acids, such as glutamic acid or aspartic acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, methylmaleic acid, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, adamantanecarboxylic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, phthalic acid, phenylacetic acid, mandelic acid, cinnamic acid, methane- or ethane-sulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 1,5-naphthalene-disulfonic acid, 2- or 3-methylbenzenesulfonic acid, methylsulfuric acid, ethylsulfuric acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, N-cyclohexylsulfamic acid, N-methyl-, N-ethyl- or N-propyl-sulfamic acid, or other organic protonic acids, such as ascorbic acid.

For isolation or purification purposes it is also possible to use pharmaceutically unacceptable salts, for example picrates or perchlorates. For therapeutic use, only pharmaceutically acceptable salts or free compounds are employed (where applicable in the form of pharmaceutical preparations), and these are therefore preferred.

The free acid or free base forms of the compounds of the invention can be prepared from the corresponding base addition salt or acid addition salt from, respectively. For example a compound of the invention in an acid addition salt form can be converted to the corresponding free base by treating with a suitable base (e.g., ammonium hydroxide solution, sodium hydroxide, and the like). A compound of the invention in a base addition salt form can be converted to the corresponding free acid by treating with a suitable acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid, etc.).

Compounds of the invention in unoxidized form can be prepared from N-oxides of compounds of the invention by treating with a reducing agent (e.g., sulfur, sulfur dioxide, triphenyl phosphine, lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, phosphorus trichloride, tribromide, or the like) in a suitable inert organic solvent (e.g. acetonitrile, ethanol, aqueous dioxane, or the like) at 0 to 80° C.

Prodrug derivatives of the compounds of the invention can be prepared by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art (e.g., for further details see Saulnier et al., (1994), Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Vol. 4, p. 1985). For example, appropriate prodrugs can be prepared by reacting a non-derivatized compound of the invention with a suitable carbamylating agent (e.g., 1,1-acyloxyalkylcarbanochloridate, para-nitrophenyl carbonate, or the like).

Protected derivatives of the compounds of the invention can be made by means known to those of ordinary skill in the art. A detailed description of techniques applicable to the creation of protecting groups and their removal can be found in T. W. Greene, “Protecting Groups in Organic Chemistry”, 3^(rd) edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1999.

Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared, or formed during the process of the invention, as solvates (e.g., hydrates). Hydrates of compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by recrystallization from an aqueous/organic solvent mixture, using organic solvents such as dioxin, tetrahydrofuran or methanol.

Compounds of the invention can be prepared as their individual stereoisomers by reacting a racemic mixture of the compound with an optically active resolving agent to form a pair of diastereoisomeric compounds, separating the diastereomers and recovering the optically pure enantiomers. While resolution of enantiomers can be carried out using covalent diastereomeric derivatives of the compounds of the invention, dissociable complexes are preferred (e.g., crystalline diastereomeric salts). Diastereomers have distinct physical properties (e.g., melting points, boiling points, solubilities, reactivity, etc.) and can be readily separated by taking advantage of these dissimilarities. The diastereomers can be separated by chromatography, or preferably, by separation/resolution techniques based upon differences in solubility. The optically pure enantiomer is then recovered, along with the resolving agent, by any practical means that would not result in racemization. A more detailed description of the techniques applicable to the resolution of stereoisomers of compounds from their racemic mixture can be found in Jean Jacques, Andre Collet, Samuel H. Wilen, “Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions”, John Wiley And Sons, Inc., 1981.

In summary, the compounds of Formula I can be made by a process, which involves:

(a) that of reaction schemes I, II and III; and

(b) optionally converting a compound of the invention into a pharmaceutically acceptable salt;

(c) optionally converting a salt form of a compound of the invention to a non-salt form;

(d) optionally converting an unoxidized form of a compound of the invention into a pharmaceutically acceptable N-oxide;

(e) optionally converting an N-oxide form of a compound of the invention to its unoxidized form;

(f) optionally resolving an individual isomer of a compound of the invention from a mixture of isomers;

(g) optionally converting a non-derivatized compound of the invention into a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug derivative; and

(h) optionally converting a prodrug derivative of a compound of the invention to its non-derivatized form.

Insofar as the production of the starting materials is not particularly described, the compounds are known or can be prepared analogously to methods known in the art or as disclosed in the Examples hereinafter.

One of skill in the art will appreciate that the above transformations are only representative of methods for preparation of the compounds of the present invention, and that other well known methods can similarly be used.

EXAMPLES

The following examples and intermediates serve to illustrate the invention without limiting the scope thereof. Some abbreviations used in the examples are as follows: acetic acid (AcOH); acetonitrile (MeCN); triethylamine (TEA); tetrahydrofuran (THF); aqueous (aq); saturated (sat.); atmosphere (atm.); 2,2′-bis-diphenylphosphanyl-[1,1′]binaphthalenyl (BINAP); 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP); tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc); 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI); di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (Boc₂O); benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-(dimethylamino)-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP); dichloromethane (DCM); diethyl ether (Et₂O); p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA); ethyl acetate (EtOAc); ethanol (EtOH); lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (LHMDS); diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD); N,N-diisopropyl-ethylamine (DIEA or DIPEA); N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF); dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); diphenylphosphoryl azide (DPPA); hour(s) (h); 2-(1H-7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU); High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC); isopropyl alcohol (IPA); lithium aluminium hydride (LAH); liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LCMS); lithium diisopropylamide (LDA); methanol (MeOH); milliliter(s) (mL); minute(s) (min); microwave (MW); sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (NHMDS); n-butyllithium (n-BuLi); 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocenedichloropalladium (II) (PdCl₂(dppf)); tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0) (Pd₂(dba)₃); dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II) (PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂); room temperature (RT); tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (TBAF); tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBSCl); trifluoroacetic acid (TFA); tetrahydrofuran (THF); thin layer chromatography (TLC); retention time (t_(R)); (S)-(−)-2,2′-Bis(di-p-tolylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl ((S)-TolBINAP); & 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene (XantPhos).

Intermediate 1 (S)-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonan-1-amine

(a) A solution of tert-butyl 1-oxo-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonane-7-carboxylate (5.24 g, 21.9 mmol), titanium(IV) isopropoxide (16.2 mL, 54.7 mmol), and (R)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (3.45 g, 28.5 mmol) in THF (99 mL) was stirred for 12 h at 65° C. After cooling to −78° C., MeOH (9.9 mL) was added followed by lithium borohydride (1.43 g, 65.7 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 3 h and at room temperature for 1 h. MeOH was slowly added to quench the excess of borohydride followed by addition of brine. The resulting mixture was stirred for 15 min and then filtered through Celite. The aqueous mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by silica chromatography (0-50% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to provide (S)-tert-butyl 1-((R)-1,1-dimethylethylsulfinamido)-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonane-7-carboxylate (4.79 g. 13.90 mmol) as a white solid. LCMS: m/z 345.3 (M+H)⁺.

(b) A solution of (S)-tert-butyl 1-((R)-1,1-dimethylethylsulfinamido)-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonane-7-carboxylate (0.4 g, 1.16 mmol) in TFA (450 μL, 5.81 mmol) and DCM (3.5 mL) was stirred for 30 min at 40° C. Sat. aq Na₂CO₃ was added until pH˜11 and the aqueous mixture was extracted with DCM (3×15 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to give (R)-2-methyl-N—((S)-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonan-1-yl)propane-2-sulfinamide (237 mg, 0.97 mmol) as a white solid. LCMS: m/z 245.5 (M+H)⁺.

(c) A solution of (R)-2-methyl-N—((S)-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonan-1-yl)propane-2-sulfinamide (200 mg, 0.58 mmol) in DCM was treated with HCl (4.0 M in dioxane, 1.45 mL, 5.81 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 1 h. At completion, the reaction was treated with sat. aq Na₂CO₃ and layers were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with DCM. The combined organics were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to provide (S)-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonan-1-amine (124 mg, 0.58 mmol, 100% yield).

Intermediate 2 (S)-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonan-1-amine

(a) A mixture of tert-butyl 4-formylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (35.0 g, 164 mmol), lithium tert-butoxyde (15.77 g, 197 mmol), and allylbromide (11.54 mL, 189 mmol) in DMF (328 mL) was stirred for 1 h at 0° C. The mixture was poured into a separation funnel containing sat. aq NH₄Cl:H₂O (1:1, 500 mL) and it was extracted with Et₂O (5×50 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by silica chromatography (0-25% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to give tert-butyl 4-allyl-4-formylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (24 g, 95 mmol) as colorless oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 9.52 (s, 1H), 5.53-5.76 (m, 1H), 4.96-5.19 (m, 2H), 3.80 (br. s., 2H), 2.97 (t, J=11.49 Hz, 2H), 2.26 (d, J=7.33 Hz, 2H), 1.95 (dt, J=13.71, 3.13 Hz, 2H), 1.38-1.58 (m, 11H).

(b) To a solution of tert-butyl 4-allyl-4-formylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (24 g, 95 mmol) in THF (300 mL) was added (at −78° C. and under N2) vinyl magnesium bromide (1 M in THF, 118 mL, 118 mmol). The resulting solution was warmed to room temperature within 1 h. The mixture was poured into a separation funnel containing sat. aq NH₄Cl (250 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (4×50 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to give tert-butyl 4-allyl-4-(1-hydroxyallyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (26.7 g, 95 mmol) as colorless oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 9.52 (s, 1H), 5.56-5.75 (m, 1H), 5.05-5.18 (m, 2H), 3.80 (br. s., 2H), 2.97 (t, J=11.49 Hz, 2H), 2.26 (d, J=7.33 Hz, 2H), 1.96 (dt, J=13.83, 3.06 Hz, 2H), 1.49-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.41-1.49 (m, 9H). This compound was used in next step without further purification.

(c) A mixture of tert-butyl 4-allyl-4-(1-hydroxyallyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (26.7 g, 95 mmol) and Dess-Martin periodinane (44.3 g, 105 mmol) in DCM (380 mL) was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The mixture was poured into a separation funnel containing sat. aq NaHCO₃:Na₂SO₃ (1:1, 300 mL) and it was extracted with DCM (4×50 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to provide a white solid. This solid was suspended in heptane (250 mL) and sonicated for 5 min. The white suspension was filtered through a pad of Celite and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to give tert-butyl 4-acryloyl-4-allylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (26.5 g, 95 mmol) as yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 6.81 (dd, J=16.93, 10.36 Hz, 1H), 6.40 (dd, J=16.80, 1.89 Hz, 1H), 5.71 (dd, J=10.36, 2.02 Hz, 1H), 5.46-5.66 (m, 1H), 4.91-5.14 (m, 2H), 3.78 (br. s., 2H), 2.96 (br. s., 2H), 2.25-2.39 (m, 2H), 1.97-2.15 (m, 2H), 1.37-1.57 (m, 11H). This compound was used in next step without further purification.

(d) To a solution of tert-butyl 4-acryloyl-4-allylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (26.5 g, 95 mmol) in toluene (degassed, 850 mL) was added Grubbs II catalyst (2.02 g, 2.38 mmol) in toluene (degassed, 100 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 45 min at 85° C. The solvent was concentrated and the resulting residue was purified by silica chromatography (0-40% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to give tert-butyl 1-oxo-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-2-ene-8-carboxylate (20.76 g, 83 mmol) as brown solid. A solution of this compound and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (565 mg, 2.49 mmol) in toluene (540 mL) was stirred for 15 min at room temperature. The resulting bright red solution was filtered through a pad of Celite. Charcoal (200 g) was added and the resulting suspension was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite and the volatiles were removed under reduce pressure. The resulting residue was purified by silica chromatography (0-40% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to give tert-butyl 1-oxo-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-2-ene-8-carboxylate (15.6 g, 62.3 mmol) as white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 7.63-7.74 (m, 1 H), 6.20 (dt, J=5.81, 2.15 Hz, 1H), 3.99-4.25 (m, 2H), 2.92 (t, J=11.62 Hz, 2H), 2.63 (s, 2H), 1.72-1.86 (m, 2H), 1.49 (s, 9H), 1.29 (d, J=12.88 Hz, 2H).

Intermediate 3 (1R,3R)-3-methyl-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine

(a) To a suspension of tert-butyl 1-oxo-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-2-ene-8-carboxylate (4.2 g, 16.71 mmol) and Cut (6.37 g, 33.4 mmol) in Et₂O (100 mL) was added (at 0° C. and under N2) MeLi (1.6 M in THF, 31.3 mL, 50.1 mmol). After stirring for 90 min at 0° C., the mixture was poured into a separation funnel containing sat. aq NH₄Cl and it was extracted with EtOAc (3×15 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by silica chromatography (0-50% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to give tert-butyl 3-methyl-1-oxo-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-2-ene-8-carboxylate (4.23 g, 15.82 mmol) as colorless oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 3.89-4.00 (m, 1H), 3.83 (d, J=13.39 Hz, 1H), 3.11 (ddd, J=13.64, 10.36, 3.28 Hz, 1H), 2.99 (ddd, J=13.58, 10.42, 3.54 Hz, 1H), 2.47-2.59 (m, 1H), 2.19-2.36 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.97 (m, 2H), 1.50-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.48 (s, 9H), 1.33-1.44 (m, 2H), 1.17 (d, J=6.32 Hz, 3H).

(b) A mixture of tert-butyl 3-methyl-1-oxo-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-2-ene-8-carboxylate (4.23 g, 15.82 mmol) and TFA (17 mL) in DCM (80 mL) was stirred for 30 min at room temperature. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. A mixture of the resulting residue, DIPEA (13.82 mL, 79 mmol), and benzyl chloroformate (3.39 mL, 23.73 mmol) in DCM (80 mL) was stirred for 16 h at room temperature. The mixture was poured into a separation funnel containing sat. aq NH₄Cl and it was extracted with DCM (3×25 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-40% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to give benzyl 3-methyl-1-oxo-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (4.58 g, 15.20 mmol) as light yellow oil. LCMS: m/z 302.2 (M+H)⁺.

(c) Benzyl 3-methyl-1-oxo-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (4.58 g, 15.20 mmol) was further purified by chiral SFC as follows: column: IA 21×250 mm, flow rate: 70 g per minute, mobile phase: 45% (9:1 EtOH:MeCN) in CO₂, detection: 220 nm UV to give (R)-benzyl 3-methyl-1-oxo-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (2.02 g, 6.70 mmol) R_(t): 2.0 min; and (S)-benzyl 3-methyl-1-oxo-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (2.11 g, 7.0 mmol), R_(t)=3.6 min.

(d) A solution of (R)-benzyl 3-methyl-1-oxo-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (2.02 g, 6.70 mmol), titanium(IV) ethoxide (5.62 mL, 26.8 mmol), and (R)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (1.625 g, 13.4 mmol) in THF (67 mL) was stirred for 16 h at 65° C. After cooling to −78° C., MeOH (12 mL) was added followed by lithium borohydride (0.438 g, 20.11 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at −78° C. to room temperature. Sat. aq NH₄Cl was slowly added to quench the excess of borohydride followed by addition of EtOAc (100 mL). The resulting mixture was vigorously stirred for 15 min and then filtered through a pad of Celite. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was purified by silica chromatography (5-90% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to give (1R,3R)-benzyl 1-((R)-1,1-dimethylethylsulfinamido)-3-methyl-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (1.94 g, 4.77 mmol) as a white solid. LCMS: m/z 407.3 (M+H)⁺.

(e) A mixture of (1R,3R)-benzyl 1-((R)-1,1-dimethylethylsulfinamido)-3-methyl-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (100 mg, 0.246 mmol) and HCl (4 M in dioxane, 1.5 mL, 6.5 mmol) in MeOH (1.5 mL) was stirred in a microwave reactor for 14 h at 140° C. After cooling to room temperature, the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to give (1R,3R)-3-methyl-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine which was used in next step without further purification. LCMS: m/z 169.2 (M+H)⁺.

Intermediate 4 (S)-tert-butyl 4-((R)-1,1-dimethylethylsulfinamido)-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate

(a) A solution of tert-butyl 4-hydroxy-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (544 mg, 2.11 mmol) and Dess-Martin periodinane (1.39 g, 3.17 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was stirred for 2 h at 0° C. At completion, 1:1 sat. aq NaHCO₃:sat. aq Na₂S₂O₃ (10 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred vigorously, then the organic phase was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (3×10 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-50% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to give tert-butyl 4-oxo-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (470 mg, 1.84 mmol) as a colorless oil which crystallized upon standing. LCMS: m/z 256.2 (M+H)⁺; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 4.08 (s, 2H), 4.05 (s, 2H), 3.88 (dt, J=13.7, 4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.12 (ddd, J=13.6, 9.8, 3.6 Hz, 2H), 1.75 (ddd, J=13.9, 9.7, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 1.58-1.51 (m, 2H), 1.48 (s, 9H).

(b) A solution of tert-butyl 4-oxo-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (220 mg, 0.86 mmol), titanium(IV) ethoxide (725 μL, 3.45 mmol), and (R)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (209 mg, 1.72 mmol) in THF (4 mL) was stirred for 1 h at 90° C. After cooling to 0° C., lithium borohydride (23 mg, 1.06 mmol) was added. After stirring for 30 min, the reaction mixture was quenched by addition of MeOH. The volatiles were removed under reduce pressure. The resulting residue was diluted with brine and extracted with EtOAc (4×10 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-100% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to give (S)-tert-butyl 4-((R)-1,1-dimethylethylsulfinamido)-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (170 mg, 0.47 mmol). LCMS: m/z 361.1 (M+H)⁺.

(c) A solution of (S)-tert-butyl 4-((R)-1,1-dimethylethylsulfinamido)-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (165 mg, 0.44 mmol) in MeOH was treated with HCl (4.0 M in dioxane, 1.10 mL, 4.40 mL). The resulting mixture was heated to 50° C. for 2 h. At completion, the reaction was concentrated, then azeotroped with toluene to provide (S)-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-amine. LCMS: m/z 171 (M+H)⁺.

Intermediate 5 (R)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine

Intermediate 5 was synthesized using the above procedure or modifications to the procedure applied in the synthesis of Intermediate 4 using the corresponding ketone and sulfinamide.

Intermediate 6 (3S,4S)-tert-butyl 4-((R)-1,1-dimethylethylsulfinamido)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate

(a) To a −10° C. solution of diisopropylamine (23.4 mL, 166 mmol) in THF (220 mL) was added n-BuLi (2.5 M in hexane, 64.1 mL, 160 mmol) dropwise. After stirring for 30 min at this temperature, 1-tert-butyl 4-ethyl piperidine-1,4-dicarboxylate (27.5 g, 107 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was added dropwise and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min at 0° C. (S)-2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)propanal (20.47 mL, 102 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0° C., then 1 h at room temperature. The reaction was diluted with sat. aq NaHCO₃:H₂O (1:4, 125 mL), EtOAc (50 mL) was added, and the phases were separated. The aqueous phase was further extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was used in next step without further purification. LCMS: m/z 346.4 (M+H-Boc)⁺.

(b) To a solution of crude 1-tert-butyl 4-ethyl 4-((2S)-2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-hydroxypropyl)piperidine-1,4-dicarboxylate (95 g, 214 mmol) in THF (600 mL) was added LiBH₄ (7.0 g, 321 mmol) portionwise. The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at room temperature. After cooling to 0° C., sat. aq NaHCO₃:H₂O (1:2, 150 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was vigorously stirred until bubbling subsided. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (100 mL) and the mixture was filtered. The liquid phases were separated, and the aqueous phase was further extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated to give tert-butyl 4-((2S)-2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-hydroxypropyl)-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (64.8 g, 161 mmol), which was used in next step without further purification.

(c) A solution of tert-butyl 4-((2S)-2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-hydroxypropyl)-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (64.8 g, 161 mmol) in THF (500 mL) was treated with TBAF (1 M in THF, 242 mL, 242 mmol), then stirred for 2 h at room temperature. At completion, the reaction mixture was treated with aq NaHCO₃:H₂O (1:2, 150 mL) and the phases were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (20-100% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to give tert-butyl 4-((2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (39.25 g, 136 mmol).

(d) To a 0° C. suspension of NaH (10.60 g, 424 mmol, 60 wt % in mineral oil) in THF (600 mL) was added dropwise a solution of tert-butyl 4-((2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (35.06 g, 121 mmol), followed by a solution of p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (23.10 g, 121 mmol) in THF (200 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0° C. At completion, sat. aq NH₄Cl (˜5 mL) was added slowly at −20° C. and the reaction was vigorously stirred until bubbling ceased. Then, sat. aq NH₄Cl (100 mL) and brine (100 mL) were sequentially added. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL) and the combined organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated give (3S)-tert-butyl 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (32.19 g, 119 mmol) which was used in next step without further purification. LCMS: m/z 171.1 (M-Boc)⁻.

(e) A solution of (3S)-tert-butyl 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (32.19 g, 119 mmol) and Dess-Martin periodinane (67.4 g, 154 mmol) in DCM (300 mL) was stirred for 2 h at 0° C. After warming to room temperature, the reaction was concentrated and the resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-40% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to give (S)-tert-butyl 3-methyl-4-oxo-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (27.68 g, 92 mmol) as a pale yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 4.09 (d, J=9.60 Hz, 1H), 3.66-3.86 (m, 4H), 3.03 (ddd, J=13.77, 9.73, 3.79 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (ddd, J=13.64, 10.23, 3.41 Hz, 1H), 1.68 (ddd, J=13.83, 9.92, 4.29 Hz, 1H), 1.41-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.30-1.40 (m, 10H), 1.20-1.25 (m, 3H).

(f) A solution of (3S)-tert-butyl 3-methyl-4-oxo-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (22.52 g mg, 84 mmol), titanium(IV) ethoxide (70.1 mL, 334 mmol), and (R)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (21 g, 173 mmol) in THF (300 mL) was stirred for 21 h at 90° C. After cooling to −4° C., MeOH (30 mL) was added. Then, lithium borohydride (1.82 g, 84 mmol) was added carefully such that the reaction temperature was maintained below −2° C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at −4° C. At completion, sat. aq NH₄Cl was slowly added to quench the excess borohydride and the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (500 mL). The resulting mixture was vigorously stirred for 15 min at room temperature and then filtered through a pad of Celite, rinsing with EtOAc (500 mL). The mixture was concentrated and the resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-100% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to give (3S,4S)-tert-butyl 4-((R)-1,1-dimethylethylsulfinamido)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate as a 95:5 diastereomeric mixture (minor diastereomer (3R,4S)-tert-butyl 4-((R)-1,1-dimethylethylsulfinamido)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate).

(g) The diastereomers were separated by chiral SFC as follows: column: LC-4 30×250 mm, flow rate: 100 g per minute, mobile phase: 30% MeOH in CO₂, detection: 225 nm, R_(t): 0.95 min (minor diastereomer R_(t): 0.55 min) to give (3S,4S)-tert-butyl 4-((R)-1,1-dimethylethylsulfinamido)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (19 g, 50.68 mmol). LCMS: m/z 375.2.

(h) To a solution of (3S,4S)-tert-butyl 4-((R)-1,1-dimethylethylsulfinamido)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (165 mg, 0.44 mmol) in MeOH (0.88 mL) was added HCl (4.0 M in dioxane, 1.10 mL, 4.40 mmol). The reaction was maintained at 50° C. for 2 h. At completion, the reaction was concentrated and dried under vacuum to provide (3S,4S)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-amine. LCMS: m/z 171.2 (M+H)⁺.

Intermediate 8 (1R,3R)-tert-butyl 3-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-((R)-1,1-dimethylethylsulfinamido)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate)

(a) A mixture of CuCl (142 mg, 1.432 mmol), (S)-TolBINAP (972 mg, 1.432 mmol), and sodium tert-butoxide (138 mg, 1.432 mmol) in THF (60 mL) was stirred for 30 min at room temperature. 4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (13.34 g, 52.5 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred for 10 min at room temperature. A A solution of tert-butyl 1-oxo-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-2-ene-8-carboxylate (12.0 g, 47.7 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was added followed by MeOH (3.9 mL, 95 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at room temperature. H₂O (150 mL) was added followed by sodium perborate (36.7 g, 239 mmol) and the resulting mixture was vigorously stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The resulting green suspension was filtered through a pad of Celite, poured into a separation funnel containing sat. aq NaHCO₃: sat. aq Na₂SO₃ (1:1, 300 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (4×40 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to give (R)-tert-butyl 3-hydroxy-1-oxo-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate crude. Enantiomeric determination of this mixture show 90% ee (R_(t)(S): 1.59 min, R_(t)(R): 1.80 min; chiral SFC; column: IA 4.6×100 mm, flow rate: 70 g per minute, mobile phase: 5-55% MeOH in CO₂, detection: 220 nm UV).

(b) A mixture of crude (R)-tert-butyl 3-hydroxy-1-oxo-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (theor. 47.7 mmol), imidazole (4.87 g, 71.6 mmol), and tert-butylchlorodimethylsilane (8.99 g, 59.6 mmol) in DMF (120 mL) was stirred for 16 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was poured into a separation funnel containing sat. aq NH₄Cl:H₂O(1:1, 250 mL) and extracted with Et₂O (5×50 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by silica chromatography (0-30% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to give (R)-tert-butyl 3-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-oxo-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (13.12 g, 34.2 mmol) as colorles oil that solidified upon standing.

(c) A solution of (R)-tert-butyl 3-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-oxo-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (8 g, 20.86 mmol), titanium(IV) ethoxide (17.49 mL, 83.0 mmol), and (R)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (5.06 g, 41.7 mmol) in THF (100 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 16 h at 65° C. After cooling to −78° C., MeOH (15 mL) was added followed by lithium borohydride (1.363 g, 62.6 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at −78° C. At completion, sat. aq NH₄Cl was slowly added to quench the excess of borohydride followed by addition of EtOAc (100 mL). The resulting mixture was vigorously stirred for 15 min and then filtered through a pad of Celite. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-50% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to give (1R,3R)-tert-butyl 3-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-((R)-1,1-dimethylethylsulfinamido)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (5.3 g, 10.84 mmol) as a white solid. LCMS: m/z 489.3 (M+H)⁺.

Intermediate 9 tert-butyl 1-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3,3-difluoro-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate

(a) A mixture of tert-butyl 3-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-(1,1-dimethylethylsulfinamido)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (365 mg, 0.746 mmol) and HCl (4 M in dioxane, 1.86 mL, 7.46 mmol) in MeOH (4 mL) was stirred for 1 h at 40° C. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was concentrate to provide a white solid. LCMS: m/z 171.1 (M+H)⁺. A mixture of this residue, DIPEA (2.6 mL, 14.92 mmol), and Boc₂O (407 mg, 1.865 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was stirred for 16 h at room temperature. The mixture was poured into a separation funnel containing sat. aq NH₄Cl and extracted with Et₂O (5×10 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by silica chromatography (10-80% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to give tert-butyl 1-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (275 mg, 0.742 mmol). LCMS: m/z 271.3 (M+H-Boc)⁺.

(b) A mixture of tert-butyl 1-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (275 mg, 0.742 mmol) and Dess-Martin periodinane (472 mg, 1.113 mmol) in DCM (7.5 mL) was stirred for 2 h at 0° C. The mixture was poured into a separation funnel containing sat. aq NaHCO₃ and extracted with DCM (3×10 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by silica chromatography (5-75% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to give tert-butyl 1-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-oxo-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (135 mg, 0.366 mmol). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 4.57 (d, J=9.09 Hz, 1H), 4.16 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1H), 3.89-4.08 (m, 2H), 2.77-2.93 (m, 2H), 2.71 (dd, J=18.95, 8.08 Hz, 1H), 2.50 (d, J=18.19 Hz, 1H), 2.07-2.24 (m, 2H), 1.76 (td, J=12.82, 4.67 Hz, 1H), 1.58-1.70 (m, 1H), 1.42-1.53 (m, 18H), 1.25-1.38 (m, 1H).

(c) A mixture of tert-butyl 1-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-oxo-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (95 mg, 0.258 mmol) and DeoxoFluor (190 μL, 1.031 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was stirred for 48 h at 50° C. The mixture was poured into a separation funnel containing sat. aq NaHCO₃/ice and extracted with EtOAc (3×5 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by silica chromatography (0-30% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to give tert-butyl 1-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3,3-difluoro-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (52 mg, 0.133 mmol). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 4.55 (d, J=9.35 Hz, 1H), 3.78-4.02 (m, 3H), 2.64-2.86 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.59 (m, 1H), 2.10-2.32 (m, 1H), 1.79-2.10 (m, 2H), 1.58 (qd, J=12.72, 3.79 Hz, 1H), 1.27-1.52 (m, 21H).

(d) A solution of tert-butyl 1-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3,3-difluoro-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (50 mg, 0.128 mmol) in DCM was treated with TFA (0.5 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. At completion, the reaction was concentrated to provide 3,3-difluoro-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine, which was used directly. LCMS: m/z 191.2 (M+H)⁺.

Intermediate 10 (R)-3,3-difluoro-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine

Intermediate 10 was synthesized by the procedure applied in the synthesis of Intermediate 9 using the corresponding starting materials.

Intermediate 11 (1R,3S)-3-fluoro-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine

(a) To a solution of tert-butyl (1R,3R)-1-(((R)-tert-butylsulfinyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (400 mg, 1.07 mmol) in DCM (8.5 mL) was added diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (1.97 mL, 1.75 mmol) dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 90 min. At completion, the reaction was treated with sat. aq NaHCO₃ and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min. The mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel, the organics were separated and the aqueous phase was washed with DCM (3×10 mL). The combined organics were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to provide tert-butyl (1R,3S)-1-(((R)-tert-butylsulfinyl)amino)-3-fluoro-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (402 mg, 1.07 mmol).

(b) To a solution of tert-butyl (1R,3S)-1-(((R)-tert-butylsulfinyl)amino)-3-fluoro-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (402 mg, 1.07 mmol) in MeOH (4 mL) was added HCl (4.0 M in dioxane, 2.67 mL, 10.68 mmol). The resulting mixture was warmed to 45° C. for 45 min. At completion, the reaction was concentrated to provide (1R,3S)-3-fluoro-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine. LCMS: m/z 173.2 (M+H)⁺.

Intermediate 12 3-azaspiro[5.5]undecan-7-amine

(a) A mixture of commercially available tert-butyl 7-oxo-3-azaspiro[5.5]undecane-3-carboxylate (0.74 g, 2.77 mmol) and 2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (0.67 g, 5.54 mmol) in THF (500 mL) was treated with tetraethoxytitanium (2.32 mL, 11.07 mmol), then heated to 75° C. for 20 h. The reaction was cooled to 0° C., treated with MeOH (3 mL) and lithium tetrahydroborate (0.181 g, 8.30 mmol), then the cold bath was removed to allow the reaction to warm to room temperature. After 2 h, sat. aq NH₄Cl (1 mL) was added to the reaction mixture to generate a gel, which was diluted with EtOAc (30 mL). The resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 15 min, and then filtered through a plug of Celite, rinsing with EtOAc. The organics were concentrated, and the crude residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (5-95 EtOAc/heptane eluent) to provide tert-butyl 7-(1,1-dimethylethylsulfinamido)-3-azaspiro[5.5]undecane-3-carboxylate (625 mg, 61% yield). LCMS: m/z 373 (M+H)⁺.

(b) A room temperature solution of tert-butyl 7-(1,1-dimethylethylsulfinamido)-3-azaspiro[5.5]undecane-3-carboxylate (625 mg, 1.68 mmol) in DCM (6 mL) was treated with HCl (4.0 N in dioxane, 4 mL). After 2 h, the reaction was concentrated to provide 2-methyl-N-(3-azaspiro[5.5]undecan-7-yl)propane-2-sulfinamide, which was used directly in the next reaction. LCMS: m/z 273 (M+H)⁺.

(c) A solution of 2-methyl-N-(3-azaspiro[5.5]undecan-7-yl)propane-2-sulfinamide in MeOH (4 mL) was treated with HCl (4.0 N in dioxane, 3.67 mL) and heated to 45° C. for 45 min. At completion, the reaction was concentrated, azeotroped with DCE then dried under vacuum. LCMS: m/z 169 (M+H)⁺.

Intermediate 13 tert-Butyl ((1R,3R)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-yl)carbamate

(a) A solution of benzyl 1-oxo-8-azaspiro[4.5]dec-2-ene-8-carboxylate (3.05 g, 10.7 mmol) in THF (40 mL) was cooled to 0° C. Trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane (6.41 mL of a 2 M stock solution in THF, 12.83 mmol), then tetrabutylammonium fluoride (0.214 mL of a 1 M stock solution in THF, 0.214 mmol) were added, and the resulting solution was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 h. The reaction was quenched with 2 M aqueous HCl (10 mL) and stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. The solution was diluted with sat. aq NH₄Cl (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by silica chromatography (0-50% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to give benzyl 1-oxo-3-(trifluoromethyl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate as a colorless oil (2.22 g, 6.25 mmol, 58% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 7.45-7.31 (m, 5H), 5.16 (s, 2H), 3.84 (dd, J=8.9, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.30 (ddd, J=13.5, 9.5, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 3.21 (ddd, J=13.5, 9.8, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.03-2.87 (m, 1 H), 2.66 (ddd, J=18.8, 8.4, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 2.46 (dd, J=18.9, 10.7 Hz, 1H), 2.38-2.25 (m, 1H), 1.97-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.58 (m, 1H), 1.54 (m, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm −72.08 (d, J=8.0 Hz). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 215.93, 155.18, 136.67, 128.53, 128.07, 127.93, 125.74 (q, J=263 Hz), 67.24, 47.96, 40.35, 39.86, 37.30, 32.77 (q, J=29 Hz), 33.77 (q, J=3 Hz), 31.89, 31.10.

(b) A solution of benzyl 1-oxo-3-(trifluoromethyl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (2.22 g, 6.25 mmol), (R)-tert-butanesulfinamide (1.514 g, 12.50 mmol), and tetraethoxytitanium (5.70 g, 5.24 mL, 25.00 mmol) in 50 mL dry THF was heated to 80° C. for 16 h. The reaction was cooled to −78° C., then MeOH (10 mL) and lithium borohydride (0.408 g, 18.74 mmol) were added. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature over 3 h. The reaction was quenched by addition of sat. aq NH₄Cl (50 mL). The resulting heterogeneous mixture was filtered through Celite, rinsing with EtOAc. The layers of the filtrate were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×25 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The resulting white solid, benzyl (1R)-1-4(R)-tert-butylsulfinyl)amino)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate, was used without further purification. LCMS: m/z 461.3 (M+H)⁺.

(c) To a solution of benzyl (1R)-1-(((R)-tert-butylsulfinyl)amino)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (assumed 2.88 g, 6.25 mmol) in MeOH (25 mL) was added 4 M HCl in dioxane (3.13 mL, 12.51 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was dried under vacuum for 2 h. The residue was dissolved in DCM and N-ethyldiisopropylamine (5.57 mL, 31.3 mmol) and di-tert-butyldicarbonate (2.05 g, 9.4 mmol) were added. The resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 72 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq NH₄Cl (50 mL) and extracted with DCM (3×25 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-100% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to afford diastereomerically pure benzyl (1R,3R)-1-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (0.90 g, 1.97 mmol, 31% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 7.34-7.20 (m, 5H), 5.06 (s, 2H), 4.39 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 3.96-3.75 (m, 3H), 2.99 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 2H), 2.65 (dq, J=18.3, 9.1 Hz, 1H), 2.24 (dt, J=15.3, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 1.77 (dd, J=13.9, 9.7 Hz, 1H), 1.66 (dd, J=13.9, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 1.60-1.41 (m, 3H), 1.39 (s, 9H), 1.31-1.16 (m, 2H). A mixture of diastereomers (1.47 g, 51% yield) was also recovered.

(d) A solution of benzyl (1R,3R)-1-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (0.90 g, 1.97 mmol) and 10% Pd/C (200 mg) in EtOH (40 mL) was stirred for 2 h under 1 atm of hydrogen gas. At this time, the mixture was sparged with nitrogen for 5 min, then filtered through Celite under a blanket of nitrogen, rinsing the filter cake with EtOH. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and dried under vacuum to give tert-butyl ((1R,3R)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-yl)carbamate (625 mg, 1.94 mmol, 98% yield) as a white foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 4.54 (d, J=9.7 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (q, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.00 (tt, J=12.1, 4.0 Hz, 2H), 2.79-2.63 (m, 3H), 2.28 (ddd, J=13.5, 8.8, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.19 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 1.80 (qd, J=14.0, 9.1 Hz, 2H), 1.63 (qd, J=9.0, 3.4 Hz, 2H), 1.47 (m, 12H).

Example 1 6-((3S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-3-(2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-5-methyl-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one

General Synthetic Route—Method A

(a) Hydrazine hydrate (9.17 mL, 187 mmol) was added to a solution of 6-chloro-3-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (10 g, 62.3 mmol) in EtOH (200 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C. The slurry became increasingly thick over the course of 5-10 min. The heating was continued for 1 h, then the heat bath was removed and the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature for 1 h. The resulting suspension was filtered and the filter cake was washed with EtOH (100 mL), then dried under vacuum. The intermediate 6-hydrazinyl-3-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione was obtained as a white powder (9.7 g, 100% yield) and was used directly in the next transformation.

(b) To a suspension of 6-hydrazinyl-3-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (5.26 g, 33.7 mmol) in MeOH (25 mL) was added 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (5.50 g, 40.4 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The slurry became very thick, and was diluted with MeOH (25 mL) to facilitate stirring. The reaction was maintained for an additional 30 min. The slurry was filtered and the filter cake was dried under vacuum for 16 h to provide 6-((4-methoxybenzyl)diazenyl)-3-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione as a white solid (8.0 g, 87% yield). LCMS: m/z 275 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)0.43 min.

(c) To a suspension of 6-((4-methoxybenzyl)diazenyl)-3-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (0.68 g, 2.479 mmol) in 2:1 DMF:i-PrOH (12 mL) was added 2,3-dichloroisonicotinaldehyde (0.436 g, 2.479 mmol) and piperidine (0.241 mL, 2.430 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 85° C. for 1 h. At completion, the reaction mixture was partitioned between water (50 mL) and EtOAc (50 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was washed with EtOAc (50 mL). The combined organics were washed with brine (40 mL), dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-10% MeOH/DCM eluent) to afford 3-(2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(5H,7H)-dione as a yellow solid (420 mg, 39% yield, 90% purity). LCMS: m/z 432 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.29 min.

(d) To a suspension of 3-(2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(5H,7H)-dione (133 mg, 0.308 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL), was added (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (408 mg, 0.923 mmol). The reaction was maintained for 5 min before the addition of (3S,4S)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-amine (112 mg, 0.462 mmol) and DBU (278 μL, 1.846 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. At completion, the reaction mixture was partitioned between water (20 mL) and EtOAc (20 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was washed with EtOAc (20 mL). The combined organics were washed with brine (15 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-10% MeOH/DCM eluent) to provide 6-((3S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-3-(2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one (140 mg, 70% yield, 90% purity). LCMS: m/z 584 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)1.04 min.

(e) A solution of 6-((3S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-3-(2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one (56 mg, 0.099 mmol) in DCM (493 uL, 0.2 M) was treated with TFA (449 mg, 3.94 mmol) and triflic acid (8.75 μL, 0.099 mmol). The reaction was maintained for 10 min, at which point complete conversion was observed by LCMS. The reaction mixture was concentrated, and the resulting residue was azeotroped with toluene (5 mL). The crude was purified by prep HPLC to provide 6-((3S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-3-(2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-5-methyl-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one (12.0 mg, 26% yield). LCMS: m/z 464 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=0.89 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 8.37 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.42-3.65 (m, 5H), 2.98-3.17 (m, 2H), 2.86 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 1.98-2.20 (m, 1H), 1.25-1.93 (m, 9H). IC₅₀=0.028 μM.

Example 2 (R)-6-(1-amino-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one

General Synthetic Route—Method B

tert-butyl(R)-(8-(2-benzyl-3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-yl)carbamate was prepared by General Method A, substituting benzyaldehyde for p-methoxybenzaldehyde in step b, 2,3-dichlorobenzaldehyde for 2,3-dichloroisonicotinaldehyde in step c and (R)-tert-butyl 8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-ylcarbamate for (3S,4S)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-amine in step d.

The synthesis concludes as follows: (a) To a solution of tert-butyl ((1R)-8-(2-benzyl-3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-yl)carbamate (0.889 g, 1.394 mmol) in DMSO (14 mL), sodium tert-butoxide (1.340 g, 13.94 mmol) was added. A balloon of oxygen was bubbled through the reaction mixture with stirring for 15 min. At completion, the reaction mixture was partitioned between water (50 mL) and EtOAc (50 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL). The organics were combined, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-10% MeOH/DCM eluent) to provide (R)-tert-butyl (8-(3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-yl). LCMS: m/z 547 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.57 min.

(b) To a solution of (R)-tert-butyl (8-(3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-yl)carbamate in DCM was added HCl (4.0 M in dioxane, 1.827 mL, 7.31 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, then concentrated. The crude was purified by prep HPLC to afford (R)-6-(1-amino-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one (50 mg, 0.111 mmol, 15% yield, 2 steps) as a white solid following lyophilization of pure fractions. LCMS: m/z 447 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=0.97 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.63 (dd, J=7.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.47 (m, 2H), 3.43-3.57 (m, 5H), 2.98-3.14 (m, 2H), 2.87 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.05 (dd, J=7.2, 4.2 Hz, 1 H), 1.35-1.95 (m, 9H). IC₅₀=0.0255 μM.

Example 3 2-(4-(aminomethyl)-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-5-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-3,7-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one

General Synthetic Route—Method C

(a) A solution of 2,4-dichloro-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (2.5 g, 13.30 mmol) and 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (1.82 mL, 14.63 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (33.2 mL) was treated with potassium tert-butoxide (5.97 g, 53.2 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. At completion, the reaction mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel containing sat. aq NH₄Cl (150 mL, 1:1 sat. NH₄Cl to deionized water), and extracted with DCM (4×150 mL). The combined extracts were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to afford 2-chloro-4-((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine as an orange solid. LCMS: m/z 290 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.44 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.23 (br. s., 1H), 7.46 (d, J=8.34 Hz, 2H), 7.35-7.39 (m, 1H), 6.93-6.99 (m, 2H), 6.49 (dt, J=2.27, 1.14 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (s, 2H), 3.72-3.78 (m, 3H).

(b) To a −20° C. solution of 2-chloro-4-((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (1.50 g, 5.18 mmol) in DMF (13 mL) was added N-bromosuccinimide (1.014 g, 5.70 mmol). After stirring for 10 min, LCMS indicated complete consumption of starting material. The reaction mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel containing sat. aq Na₂SO₃ (150 mL) and extracted with Et₂O (4×150 mL). The combined extracts were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to afford 5-bromo-2-chloro-4-((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine as an off-white solid (1.89 g, 90% yield). LCMS: m/z 368 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.56 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 7.60 (d, J=2.53 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H), 5.49 (s, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H).

(c) To a stirred solution of 5-bromo-2-chloro-4-((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (600 mgs, 1.481 mmol), DIPEA (0.517 mL, 2.96 mmol), and DMAP (9.05 mg, 0.074 mmol) in THF (8.7 mL) was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (0.516 mL, 2.222 mmol), and the reaction was stirred for 30 min. At completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (5 mL), transferred to a separatory funnel containing sat. aq NH₄Cl (15 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×15 mL). The combined extracts were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford tert-butyl 5-bromo-2-chloro-4-((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-7-carboxylate as a pale orange solid (873 mg). This crude product was used in the subsequent reaction without further purification. LCMS: m/z 490 (M+Na)⁺, R_(t)=1.58 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.49 (m, J=8.84 Hz, 2H), 6.98 (m, J=8.84 Hz, 2H), 5.51 (s, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 1.60 (s, 9H).

(d) A mixture of tert-butyl 5-bromo-2-chloro-4-((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-7-carboxylate (253 mgs, 0.54 mmol), (2,3-dichlorophenyl)boronic acid (129 mg, 0.675 mmol), potassium phosphate (344 mg, 1.619 mmol), and PdCl₂(dppf)-DCM adduct (22 mg, 0.27 mmol) in THF:H₂O (10:1, 0.3 mL) was degassed, and the mixture was microwave heated to 90° C. for 90 min. LCMS analysis indicated complete consumption of starting material. The reaction mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel containing sat. aq NH₄Cl (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×10 mL). The combined extracts were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford a black oil. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-40% EtOAc/heptane eluent). Concentration of pure fractions provided 2-chloro-5-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-4-((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine as a white solid (107 mgs, 37% yield). LCMS: m/z 556 (M+Na)⁺, R_(t)1.71 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 7.46-7.51 (m, 2H), 1.71 (s, 9H), 7.26 (dd, J=7.58, 1.77 Hz, 1 H), 7.18 (t, J=7.83 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H), 6.78-6.89 (m, 2H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H).

(e) To a solution of 2-chloro-5-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-4-((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (125 mg, 0.201 mmol) in DIPEA (1 mL) and DMSO (1 mL) was added tert-butyl ((4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl)carbamate (50.5 mg, 0.221 mmol), and the reaction mixture was heated to 90° C. for 4 h. The reaction was treated with additional DIPEA (1.5 mL), DMSO (0.5 mL) and tert-butyl ((4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl)carbamate (30 mg, 0.131 mmol) and heated at 90° C. for 16, then 130° C. for 2 h. The reaction was cooled and concentrated. The crude mixture was treated with DCM (2.5 mL) and TFA (1.0 mL) and maintained at room temperature with stirring for 3 h. At completion, the reaction was concentrated. The liquor was free-based by filtration through StratoSpeheres SPE PL-HCO₃ MP-Resins, then purified by prep HPLC to provide 2-(4-(aminomethyl)-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-5-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(7H)-one (2.7 mg, 3.3% yield). LCMS: m/z 406 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=0.71 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.41 (ddd, J=9.54, 7.89, 1.52 Hz, 2H), 7.19-7.31 (m, 1H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 3.87 (dt, J=13.39, 4.42 Hz, 2H), 3.40 (ddd, J=13.52, 9.85, 3.41 Hz, 2H), 2.63 (s, 2H), 1.52-1.66 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.52 (m, 2H), 1.08 (s, 3H). IC₅₀=0.062 μM.

Example 4 6-(4-amino-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one

2-benzyl-3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-6-hydroxy-5-methyl-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one was synthesized by General Method A, substituting benzyaldehyde for p-methoxybenzaldehyde in step b, and 2,3-dichlorobenzaldehyde for 2,3-dichloroisonicotinaldehyde in step c.

The synthesis continued as follows: step a) A mixture of 2-benzyl-3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-6-hydroxy-5-methyl-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one (1.77 g, 4.41 mmol) in phosphorous oxychloride (20.29 g, 132.0 mmol) was heated to 100° C. for 16 h. Then, tetramethylammonium chloride (1.45 g, 13.23 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. for 24 h. The reaction was concentrated and treated with sat. aq NaHCO₃ solution. The mixture was stirred vigorously, then the solids were filtered and washed with water, and dried under vacuum. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (0-100% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to provide 2-benzyl-6-chloro-3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one as a white solid (1.37 g, 92% yield). LCMS: m/z 419 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.48 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DCM-d₂) δ 7.70 (dd, J=8.1, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.43-7.34 (m, 1H), 7.33-7.26 (m, 3H), 7.21 (dd, J=7.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.01 (m, 2H), 5.38 (d, J=10.7 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (d, J=14.9 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (s, 3H).

(b) A mixture of 2-benzyl-6-chloro-3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one (100 mg, 0.143 mmol), tert-butyl (4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)carbamate (59.7 mg, 0.279 mmol) and DIPEA (83 mg, 0.642 mmol) in NMP (1 mL) was microwave heated at 120° C. for 90 min. At completion, the reaction was treated with EtOAc and 10% citric acid. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was washed with EtOAc. The combined organics were washed with 1:1 water:brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give a yellow solid. The crude was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (30-45% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to provide semi-pure tert-butyl (1-(2-benzyl-3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)carbamate, which was used directly. LCMS: m/z 597 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)1.70 min.

(c) The semi-pure tert-butyl (1-(2-benzyl-3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)carbamate was converted to 6-(4-amino-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one by General Method B. LCMS: m/z 407 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)0.88 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.62 (dd, J=7.96, 1.64 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.44 (m, 1H), 7.33-7.39 (m, 1H), 3.48 (s, 3H), 3.34-3.43 (m, 2H), 3.22-3.29 (m, 2H), 1.67-1.80 (m, 4H), 1.24 (s, 3H). IC₅₀=0.064 μM.

Example 5 2-(4-(aminomethyl)-4-methylcyclohexyl)-5-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(7H)-one

(a) To a room temperature solution of 2-(methylthio)-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(7H)-one (2.0 g, 11.04 mmol) in 1 M aq NaOH (60 mL) was added dimethyl sulfate (6.96 g, 55.2 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 h. At completion, the reaction was filtered and resulting the pale brown solid was washed with water then dried under high vacuum for 3 h to afford 3-methyl-2-(methylthio)-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(7H)-one (1.42 g, 66% yield), which was used directly in the next reaction.

(b) To a 0° C. solution of 3-methyl-2-(methylthio)-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(7H)-one (1.42 g, 7.27 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added NaH (0.58 g, 14.55 mmol, 60% in mineral oil) portionwise over 5 min. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, then cooled to 0° C. and treated with (2-(chloromethoxy)ethyl)trimethylsilane (1.27 g, 7.64 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 5 min, then the cold bath was removed and the mixture was stirred for 3 h. At completion, the reaction mixture was quenched by slow addition of sat. aq NH₄Cl, then diluted with Et₂O. The layers were separated and the organics were washed with sat. aq NH₄Cl, then dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-50% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to provide 3-methyl-2-(methylthio)-7-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(7H)-one (1.76 g, 74% yield). LCMS: m/z 326 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.29 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 6.91 (d, J=3.54 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (d, J=3.54 Hz, 1H), 5.52 (s, 2H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.52-3.61 (m, 2H), 2.67 (s, 3H), 0.87-1.03 (m, 2H), 0.00 (d, J=6.57 Hz, 9H).

(c) To a −20° C. solution of 3-methyl-2-(methylthio)-7-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(7H)-one (1.76 g, 5.41 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) was added NBS (1.01 g, 5.86 mmol). After 5 min, the reaction was complete. The reaction mixture was quenched by addition of sat. aq Na₂S₂O₃, diluted with water, then twice extracted with diethyl ether. The combined organics were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-50% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to afford 6-bromo-3-methyl-2-(methylthio)-7-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(7H)-one as a colorless oil (2.19 g, 100% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 6.75 (s, 1H), 5.56-5.62 (m, 2H), 3.54-3.71 (m, 5H), 2.57-2.73 (m, 3H), 0.87-1.03 (m, 2H), −0.04-0.03 (m, 9H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 159.33 (s, 1C), 159.05 (s, 1C), 148.97 (s, 1C), 107.74 (s, 1C), 107.10 (s, 1C), 105.95 (s, 1C), 78.80 (s, 1C), 78.49 (s, 1C), 78.17 (s, 1C), 73.70 (s, 1C), 72.97 (s, 1C), 68.27 (s, 1C), 68.05 (s, 1C), 54.90 (s, 1C), 31.44 (s, 1C), 31.30 (s, 1C), 19.15 (s, 1C), 16.73 (s, 1C), 16.66 (s, 1C), 0.25 (s, 1C).

(d) To a room temperature solution of 6-bromo-3-methyl-2-(methylthio)-7-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(7H)-one (1.76 g, 4.35 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) was added NBS (968 mg, 5.43 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. At completion, the reaction was quenched by addition of sat. aq Na₂S₂O₃, diluted with water, then twice extracted with Et₂O. The combined organics were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to provide 5,6-dibromo-3-methyl-2-(methylthio)-7-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(7H)-one (1.82 g, 87% yield). The resulting material was used directly in the next reaction. LCMS: m/z 484 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.84 min.

(e) To a −78° C. solution of 5,6-dibromo-3-methyl-2-(methylthio)-7-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(7H)-one (1.82 g, 3.77 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added dropwise a 1.7 M solution of t-BuLi in THF (5.65 mmol, 3.32 mL). The reaction was maintained for 5 min, then quenched with sat. aq NH₄Cl and the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature. The reaction was partitioned between water and EtOAc. The organics were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated, then purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-50% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to provide 5-bromo-3-methyl-2-(methylthio)-7-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(7H)-one (820 mg, 54% yield) as a colorless oil that solidified upon standing. LCMS: m/z 404 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.42 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 6.92 (s, 1H), 5.46 (s, 2H), 3.50-3.64 (m, 5H), 2.64 (s, 3H), 0.88-1.01 (m, 2H), −0.08-0.09 (m, 9H).

(0 To a room temperature solution of 5-bromo-3-methyl-2-(methylthio)-7-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(7H)-one (340 mg, 0.723 mmol) in EtOH (14.45 mL) was added Mo₇O₂₄(NH₄)₆—H₂O (268 mg, 0.217 mmol) and 30% aq hydrogen peroxide (0.738 mL, 7.23 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. At completion, the reaction was quenched by addition of sat. aq Na₂S₂O₃. The resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 5 min then poured into a separation funnel containing brine. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (5×5 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford semi-pure 5-bromo-3-methyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)-7-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(7H)-one (354 mg) which was used in the next step without purification. LCMS: m/z 436 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.62 min.

(g) A mixture of 5-bromo-3-methyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)-7-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(7H)-one (679 mg, 0.723 mmol) and tert-butyl ((4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl)carbamate (165 mg, 0.723 mmol) in DIPEA (5 mL) was heated to 90° C. for 2 h. At completion, the reaction was concentrated and purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-40% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to provide tert-butyl ((1-(5-bromo-3-methyl-4-oxo-7-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-4,7-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl)carbamate (42 mg, 9% yield). LCMS: m/z 584 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.49 min.

(h) To a mixture of tert-butyl ((1-(5-bromo-3-methyl-4-oxo-7-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-4,7-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl)carbamate (200 mg, 0.342 mmol) in 9:1 THF:H₂O (3 mL) was added (2,3-dichlorophenyl)boronic acid (82 mg, 0.428 mmol), potassium phosphate (218 mg, 1.026 mmol), and chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′-biphenyl)[2-(2′-amino-1,1′-biphenyl)]palladium(II) (13.5 mg, 0.017 mmol) under nitrogen. The mixture was microwave heated to 100° C. for 60 min. At completion, the reaction was concentrated and the resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-50% EtOAc/heptane) to provide semi-pure tert-butyl ((1-(5-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-4-oxo-7-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-4,7-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl)carbamate (138 mg, 55% yield). LCMS: m/z 650 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.73 min.

(i) To a solution of tert-butyl ((1-(5-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-4-oxo-7-42-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-4,7-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl)carbamate (138 mg, 0.212 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added TFA (1 mL). The reaction was maintained at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was concentrated and the resulting residue was dissolved in MeOH (2 mL) and treated with ethylenediamine (191 mg, 3.18 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. At completion, the reaction was concentrated and the resulting residue was purified by reverse phase prep HPLC to provide 2-(4-(aminomethyl)-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-5-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(7H)-one as a white powder (35 mg, 38% yield). LCMS: m/z 420 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=0.79 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.41-7.49 (m, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=7.53 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (t, J=7.91 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 3.50 (s, 3H), 3.19-3.29 (m, 2H), 3.02-3.17 (m, 2H), 2.59 (s, 2H), 1.60-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.52 (d, J=13.80 Hz, 2H), 1.05 (s, 3H). IC₅₀=0.100 μM.

Example 6 3-(6-amino-2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-6-((3S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-5-methyl-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one

(a) To a stirred, room temperature slurry of 6-chloro-3-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (3.6 g, 22.42 mmol) and potassium carbonate (7.75 g, 56.1 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) was added 1-(chloromethyl)-4-methoxybenzene (3.69 g, 23.54 mmol). The reaction was warmed to 50° C. for 16 h, then cooled to room temperature and partitioned between water and EtOAc. The organics were washed with water and brine, then dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (10-50% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to provide 6-chloro-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (4.4 g, 70% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 7.21-7.28 (m, 2H), 6.91 (d, J=7.55 Hz, 2H), 6.12 (s, 1H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 3.68-3.79 (m, 3H), 3.13-3.20 (m, 3H).

(b) To a solution of 6-chloro-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (4.18 g, 14.89 mmol) in EtOH (40 mL) was added hydrazine monohydrate (2.24 g, 44.7 mmol). The mixture was heated at 80° C. for 2 h, then cooled to room temperature and water (100 mL) was added. The solids were collected by filtration, then dried under vacuum to afford 6-hydrazinyl-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (3.52 g, 86% yield) as a white powder. LCMS: m/z 277 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=0.47 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.09-7.24 (m, 2H), 6.78-6.93 (m, 2H), 5.09-5.19 (m, 1H), 4.92-5.05 (m, 2H), 3.66-3.78 (m, 4H), 3.07-3.19 (m, 3H).

(c) To a −40° C. solution 6-hydrazinyl-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (3.52 g, 12.74 mmol) in DMF (100 mL) was added phosphoryl trichloride (14.25 mL, 153.0 mmol). The mixture was maintained at −40° C. for 2 h, then the cold bath was removed and the reaction was stirred at ambient temperature for 10 h. At this time, the reaction was partially concentrated under vacuum to remove excess phosphoryl trichloride, then the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and water (200 mL) was added. The resulting precipitate was collected by vacuum filtration. The filter cake was rinsed with water, then dried under vacuum to provide 7-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-1,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(5H)-dione (3.52 g, 100% yield) as a white solid. LCMS: m/z 287 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=0.51 min.

(d) A solution of 7-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-1,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(5H)-dione (3.8 g, 13.27 mmol) in DMF (28 mL) was treated with N-iodosuccinimide (3.28 g, 14.60 mmol). At 2 h, incomplete conversion was observed. The hot solution was treated with additional N-iodosuccinimide (1.1 g, 4.87 mmol). At completion, the reaction was cooled to room temperature, then treated with (1:1) sat. aq Na₂S₂O₃: sat. aq NaHCO₃(50 mL) and stirred vigorously. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and the resulting precipitate was filtered and dried under vacuum to provide 3-iodo-7-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-1,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(5H)-dione (2.9 g, 53% yield). LCMS: m/z 413 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=0.41 min.

(e) A slurry of 3-iodo-7-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-1,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(5H)-dione (740 mg, 1.80 mmol) and potassium carbonate (1.24 g, 8.98 mmol) in acetone (10 mL) was treated with benzyl bromide (338 mg, 1.98 mmol) and the mixture was heated to 55° C. At completion, the reaction was filtered and concentrated, then purified by flash chromatography [0-5% MeOH/DCM eluent] to provide 1-benzyl-3-iodo-7-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-1,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(5H)-dione (840 mg, 1.67 g, 93% yield). LCMS: m/z 503 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)0.96 min.

(f) A degassed mixture of 1-benzyl-3-iodo-7-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-1,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(5H)-dione (770 mg, 1.53 mmol), (6-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)boronic acid (1.18 g, 3.83 mmol), [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) dichloride-DCM (125 mg, 0.153 mmol) and potassium carbonate (847 mg, 6.13 mmol) in THF (10 mL) and water (2 mL) was heated to 70° C. After 30 min, the reaction was complete by LCMS analysis. The reaction was partitioned between water and EtOAc. The organics were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude was purified by flash chromatography (10-40% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to provide tert-butyl (4-(1-benzyl-7-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-4,6-dioxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-5,6-dichloropyridin-2-yl)carbamate (650 mg, 67% yield). LCMS: m/z 637 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)0.93 min.

(g) A solution of tert-butyl(4-(1-benzyl-7-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-4,6-dioxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-5,6-dichloropyridin-2-yl)carbamate (440 mg, 0.69 mmol) in TFA (15 mL) was treated with triflic acid (311 mg, 2.07 mmol) then heated to 70° C. After 1 h, the reaction was complete by LCMS analysis. The reaction was diluted with 1,2-dichloroethane (20 mL), then concentrated to 10 mL volume. The remaining acid was quenched with 5 N aq NaOH solution, adjusting to pH-8. The mixture was then partitioned between water and EtOAc. The organics were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude was purified by flash chromatography [0-10% MeOH/DCM eluent] to provide 3-(6-amino-2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-1-benzyl-5-methyl-1,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(5H)-dione (90 mg, 31% yield). LCMS: m/z 417 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=0.69 min.

(h) To a vial charged with 3-(6-amino-2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-1-benzyl-5-methyl-1,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(5H)-dione (90 mg, 0.216 mmol) was added (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate and DMF (1 mL). The reaction was maintained with stirring for 15 min before the consecutive addition of (3S,4S)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-amine-2HCl (73 mg, 0.302 mmol) and DBU (230 mg, 1.51 mmol). After 16 h, the reaction was complete by LCMS analysis. The reaction was partitioned between water and EtOAc. The organics were washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude was purified by flash chromatography (0-10% MeOH/DCM eluent) to provide 3-(6-amino-2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-6-((3S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-1-benzyl-5-methyl-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one (67 mg, 54% yield). LCMS: m/z 569 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=0.74 min.

(i) Potassium t-butoxide (132 mg, 1.18 mmol) was added to a solution of 3-(6-amino-2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-6-((3S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-1-benzyl-5-methyl-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one (67 mg, 0.12 mmol) in DMSO (3 mL). The reaction was sparged with oxygen for 2 min, then maintained at room temperature with stirring. After 5 min, the reaction was complete by LCMS analysis. At this time, the reaction was sparged with nitrogen, then neutralized with 0.6 mL 2 N aq HCl. The reaction mixture was directly purified by prep HPLC to provide 3-(6-amino-2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-6-((3S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-5-methyl-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one (8.4 mg, 15% yield). LCMS: m/z 479 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=0.69 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.56 (s, 1H), 7.76 (br s, 2H), 4.03-4.10 (m, 1H), 3.66 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 1H), 3.43-3.47 (m, 3H), 2.97-3.19 (m, 2H), 2.92 (d, J=5.05 Hz, 1H), 1.68-1.98 (m, 3H), 1.42-1.68 (m, 3H), 1.08 (d, J=6.32 Hz, 3H). IC₅₀=0.38 μM.

Example 7 6-((3S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-3-(3-chloro-2-(isopropylamino)pyridin-4-yl)-5-methyl-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one

General Synthetic Route—Method D

(a) A solution of 3-(2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-2,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(5H)-dione (315 mg, 0.729 mmol) in isopyropylamine (3 mL) was microwave heated to 150° C. for 10 min. At completion, the reaction was concentrated, then purified by flash chromatography [0-10% MeOH/DCM eluent] to provide 3-(3-chloro-2-(isopropylamino)pyridin-4-yl)-2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-2,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(5H)-dione (220 mg, 66% yield).

Steps d-e of General Synthetic Method A were applied to provide 6-((3S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-3-(3-chloro-2-(isopropylamino)pyridin-4-yl)-5-methyl-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one. LCMS: m/z 487 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=0.60 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.99 (d, J=5.31 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (d, J=5.05 Hz, 1H), 4.22-4.30 (m, 2H), 3.84-3.93 (m, 1H), 3.73-3.84 (m, 1H), 3.46-3.55 (m, 5H), 3.25 (br d, J=4.80 Hz, 1H), 2.95-3.15 (m, 2H), 1.88-2.13 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.67-1.79 (m, 1H), 1.23-1.32 (m, 9H). IC₅₀=0.034 μM.

Example 8 6-((3S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-3-(3-chloro-2-(isopropylamino)pyridin-4-yl)-5-methyl-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one

General Synthetic Route—Method E

(a) A solution of 3-(2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-2,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(5H)-dione (590 mg, 1.37 mmol) in DMSO (2 mL) was treated with (4-methoxyphenyl)methanamine (749 mg, 5.46 mmol) and the resulting solution was microwave heated to 180° C. for 40 min. At completion, the reaction was partitioned between water and EtOAc. The organics were washed with water and brine, then dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude was purified by flash chromatography (0-10% MeOH/DCM eluent) to provide 3-(3-chloro-2-((4-methoxybenzyl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)-2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-2,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(5H)-dione (670 mg, 92% yield). LCMS: m/z 533, R_(t)=0.81 min.

Steps d-e of Method A were applied to 3-(3-chloro-2-((4-methoxybenzyl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)-2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-2,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(5H)-dione to provide 3-(2-amino-3-chloropyridin-4-yl)-6-43S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-5-methyl-2,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one. LCMS: m/z 445 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=0.58 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 7.92 (d, J=5.05 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (d, J=5.05 Hz, 1H), 6.33 (s, 2H), 4.00-4.11 (m, 1H), 3.66 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (s, 3H), 2.93-3.13 (m, 2H), 2.91 (d, J=5.05 Hz, 1H), 1.69-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.08 (d, J=6.57 Hz, 3H). IC₅₀=0.036 μM.

Example 9 2-((3S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-5-(3-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-3-methyl-3,7-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one

(a) A mixture of 5-bromo-3-methyl-2-(methylthio)-7-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-3,7-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one (300 mg, 0.742 mmol) in 9:1 THF:H₂O (3 mL) was treated with 3-chloro-2-methoxy-4-(3,3,4,4-tetramethylborolan-1-yl)pyridine (300 mg, 1.113 mmol), potassium phosphate (472 mg, 2.226 mmol), and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (30.3 mg, 0.037 mmol) under nitrogen was microwave heated to 90° C. for 2 h. Then, chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′-biphenyl)[2-(2′-amino-1,1′-biphenyl)]palladium(II) (30 mg, 0.038 mmol) was added, and the reaction was microwave heated to 110° C. for 1 h and at 100° C. for 16 h. The reaction was concentrated and the resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-40% EtOAc/heptane) to provide 5-(3-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylthio)-7-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-3,7-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one (150 mg, 43% yield). LCMS: m/z 466.7 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)1.50 min.

(b) To a 0° C. solution of 5-(3-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylthio)-7-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-3,7-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one (150 mg, 0.321 mmol) in EtOH (6 mL) was added Mo₇O₂₄(NH₄)₆—H₂O (119 mg, 0.096 mmol) and 30% aq hydrogen peroxide (0.328 mL, 3.21 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. At completion, the reaction was quenched by addition of sat. aq Na₂S₂O₃. The resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 5 min then poured into a separation funnel containing brine. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (5×5 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford semi-pure 5-(3-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)-7-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-3,7-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one (160 mg, 100% yield), which was used in the next step without purification. LCMS: m/z 499.2 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.36 min.

(c) A mixture of 5-(3-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)-7-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-3,7-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one (160 mg, 0.321 mmol) and (3S,4S)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-amine-2HCl (98 mg, 0.401 mmol) in DMSO (1 mL) and DIPEA (0.56 mL, 3.21 mmol) was heated to 110° C. for 2 h. At completion, the reaction was concentrated and purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-10% MeOH/DCM eluent) to provide semi-pure 2-((3S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-5-(3-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-3-methyl-7-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-3,7-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one (189 mg, 100% yield). LCMS: m/z 589.3 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.07 min.

(d) To a solution of 2-((3S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-5-(3-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-3-methyl-7-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-3,7-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one (189 mg, 0.32 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added TFA (1 mL). The reaction was maintained at room temperature for 1.5 h. The reaction was concentrated and the resulting residue was dissolved in MeOH (2 mL) and treated with ethylenediamine (0.325 mL, 4.82 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. At completion, the reaction was concentrated and the resulting residue was purified by prep HPLC to provide 2-((3S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-5-(3-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-3-methyl-3,7-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one as a white powder (7.5 mg, 5% yield). LCMS: m/z 459.3 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=0.65 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.97 (d, J=5.31 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (d, J=5.25 Hz, 1H), 4.90-5.05 (m, 1H), 4.68-4.81 (m, 1H), 4.59 (br s, 1H), 4.20-4.27 (m, 1H), 4.00 (s, 3H), 3.85 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 1 H), 3.47-3.56 (m, 3H), 3.32-3.41 (m, 4H), 3.26 (dt, J=3.28, 1.64 Hz, 1H), 2.92-3.14 (m, 3H), 1.87-2.03 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J=6.32 Hz, 3H), −0.02-0.01 (m, 1 H). IC₅₀=0.026 μM.

Example 10 2-((3S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-5-(3-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(7H)-one

(a) A mixture of tert-butyl 5-bromo-2-chloro-4-((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-7-carboxylate (400 mg, 0.853 mmol), 3-chloro-2-methoxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridine (253 mg, 0.939 mmol), potassium phosphate (543 mg, 2.56 mmol), and PdCl₂(dppf)-DCM adduct (34.8 mg, 0.043 mmol) in THF:H₂O (10:1, 2.2 mL) was degassed, and the mixture was microwave heated to 90° C. for 2.5 hours. The reaction mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel containing aq NH₄Cl (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined extracts were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford a brown oil. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-40% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to provide 2-chloro-5-(3-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-4-((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine as a yellow solid (48 mg, 13% yield). LCMS: m/z 431.1 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.24; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.69 (br s, 1H), 8.01 (d, J=5.05 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=2.27 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (d, J=5.05 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H), 5.34 (s, 2H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.75 (s, 3H).

(b) A suspension of 2-chloro-5-(3-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-4-((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (45 mg, 0.104 mmol) and (3S,4S)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-amine (25.4 mg, 0.104 mmol) in DIPEA (0.2 mL) and DMSO (0.1 mL) was heated to 120° C. and stirred for 18 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated, and the residue was purified by prep HPLC to provide 2-((3S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-5-(3-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(7H)-one as a white solid (5.6 mg, 11% yield). HRMS: m/z calculated 445.1749 (M+H)⁺, found 445.1758 (M+H)⁺; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.97 (d, J=5.31 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 7.11 (d, J=5.25 Hz, 1H), 4.90-5.05 (m, 1 H), 4.68-4.81 (m, 1H), 4.59 (br s, 1H), 4.20-4.27 (m, 1H), 4.00 (s, 3H), 3.85 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 1H), 3.47-3.56 (m, 3H), 3.32-3.41 (m, 4H), 3.26 (dt, J=3.28, 1.64 Hz, 1H), 2.92-3.14 (m, 3H), 1.87-2.03 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J=6.32 Hz, 3H), −0.02-0.01 (m, 1H). IC₅₀=0.026 μM.

Example 11 6-(4-(aminomethyl)-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-one

(a) To a stirring solution of 4,6-dichloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine (1.00 g, 5.35 mmol) in DMF (14 mL) at 0° C. was added NaH (60% in mineral oil, 0.428 g, 10.69 mmol) portionwise within 5 min, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and ((chloromethoxy)methyl)trimethylsilane (0.996 mL, 5.61 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 5 min and at room temperature for 3 h. The reaction mixture was quenched via slow addition of sat. aq NH₄Cl (3 mL), transferred to a separatory funnel containing sat. aq NH₄Cl (80 mL), and extracted with Et₂O (4×30 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with 2 N aq Na₂CO₃ (2×75 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow oil that crystallized into a pale yellow solid upon standing. The residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-40% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to provide 4,6-dichloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine as a white solid (1.26 g, 74% yield). LCMS: m/z 317.1 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.50; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.62 (d, J=0.86 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=3.42 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (dd, J=3.36, 0.79 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (s, 2H), 3.46-3.56 (m, 2H), 0.83-0.92 (m, 2H), −0.10-0.03 (m, 9H).

(b) To a solution of 4,6-dichloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine (1.22 g, 3.85 mmol) and 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (0.584 g, 4.23 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (12 mL) was added potassium tert-butoxide (1.726 g, 15.38 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel containing sat. aq NH₄Cl (60 mL), and extracted with Et₂O (3×40 mL). The combined extracts were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide 6-chloro-4-((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine as a yellow oil (14% w/w dioxane, 1.8 g, 99% yield). LCMS: m/z 419.2 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.66 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 7.47 (d, J=8.53 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=3.26 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=8.78 Hz, 2H), 6.60 (d, J=3.26 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (s, 2H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.39-3.50 (m, 2H), 0.82-0.94 (m, 2H), −0.08-0.01 (m, 9H).

(c) To a stirring solution of 6-chloro-4-((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine (14% w/w dioxane, 770 mg, 1.580 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) at 0° C. was added N-bromosuccinimide (309 mg, 1.739 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 h. The crude product was diluted with Et₂O (5 mL) and poured into a separatory funnel containing sat. aq NH₄Cl (100 mL), then extracted with Et₂O (3×75 mL). The combined extracts were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford 3-bromo-6-chloro-4-((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine as a red oil (14% w/w DMF, 0.89 g, 97% yield). LCMS: m/z 497.1 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)1.71 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 7.53 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (s, 1H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H), 5.51 (s, 2H), 5.33 (s, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.39-3.51 (m, 2H), 0.82-0.96 (m, 2H), −0.09-0.04 (m, 9H).

(d) To a mixture of (2,3-dichlorophenyl)boronic acid (0.484 g, 2.54 mmol), K₃PO₄ (1.29 g, 6.09 mmol), and PdCl₂(dppf) (0.075 g, 1.02 mmol) under an atmosphere of nitrogen at room temperature was added a solution of 3-bromo-6-chloro-4-((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine (1.18 g, 2.03 mmol) in degassed THF (4 mL). To this mixture was added degassed water (0.4 mL), and the resulting mixture was heated to 90° C. in the microwave for 90 min. Additional (2,3-dichlorophenyl)boronic acid (0.387 g, 2.03 mmol) and PdCl₂(dppf) (0.074 g, 0.102 mmol) were added, and the reaction mixture was heated to 90° C. in the microwave for 90 min. The reaction mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel containing sat. aq NH₄Cl (50 mL) and extracted with Et₂O (3×50 mL). The combined extracts were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to afford a black oil. The residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica (0-30% EtOAc/heptane eluant). Concentration of the pure fractions provided 6-chloro-3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-4-((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine as an orange oil (380 mg, 33% yield). LCMS: m/z 563.1 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.79; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.46 (dd, J=8.08, 1.52 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (s, 1 H), 7.26-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 7.16-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.01-7.06 (m, 2H), 6.75-6.81 (m, 2H), 5.54 (s, 2H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.52-3.63 (m, 2H), 0.82-0.94 (m, 2H), −0.09-0.04 (m, 9H).

(e) To a stirring solution of 6-chloro-3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-4-((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine (260 mg, 0.461 mmol) in DCM (2.1 mL) at room temperature was added 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (209 mg, 0.922 mmol) and water (0.21 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 17 h. The reaction mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel containing 3:1 sat. NaHCO₃: water, (30 mL) and extracted with DCM (4×30 mL). The organics were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to afford a brown solid. The residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica (0-75% EtOAc/heptane eluant). Concentration of the pure fractions provided 6-chloro-3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4(5H)-one as a white solid (163 mg, 80% yield). LCMS: m/z 443 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.42 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.48 (dd, J=7.96, 1.64 Hz, 1H), 7.33-7.39 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.30 (m, 2H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 5.49 (s, 2H), 3.58 (t, J=7.96 Hz, 2H), 0.89 (t, J=7.96 Hz, 2H), −0.04 (s, 9H).

(f) A solution of 6-chloro-3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4(5H)-one (163 mg, 0.367 mmol) and tert-butyl ((4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl)carbamate (168 mg, 0.735 mmol) in DIPEA (0.75 mL) was stirred at 130° C. for 6 d. To this reaction mixture was added additional tert-butyl ((4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl)carbamate (84 mg, 0.368 mmol) and DIPEA (0.5 mL), and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 d. The reaction mixture was concentrated, and the crude product was dissolved in DCM (5 mL), then transferred to a separatory funnel containing sat. aq NH₄Cl (5 mL). The layers were separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (3×5 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to afford a dark, viscous oil. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography over silica (0-50% EtOAc/DCM eluant) to provide tert-butyl ((1-(3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-4-oxo-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-6-yl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl)carbamate as an orange solid (142 mg, 61% yield). LCMS: m/z 635.4 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.59 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.45 (dd, J=7.96, 1.64 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J=7.71, 1.64 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (t, J=7.83 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (s, 1H), 6.03 (s, 1H), 3.59 (t, J=7.83 Hz, 2H) 5.45 (s, 2H), 3.24-3.30 (m, 2H), 2.96-3.15 (m, 4H), 1.64 (ddd, J=13.33, 9.41, 3.79 Hz, 2H), 1.40-1.51 (m, 11H), 0.98 (s, 3H), 0.85-0.94 (m, 2H), −0.08-0.01 (m, 9H).

(g) To a solution of tert-butyl ((1-(3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-4-oxo-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-6-yl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl)carbamate (142 mg, 0.223 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added TFA (1 mL, 12.98 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 8 h, then 40° C. for 1.5 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated, then redissolved in MeOH (3 mL). To the resulting solution was added ethylenediamine (0.25 mL, 3.70 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the resulting residue was purified by prep HPLC to afford 6-(4-(aminomethyl)-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-one (36.9 mg, 40% yield). HRMS: m/z calculated 405.1243 (M+H)⁺, found 405.1266 (M+H)⁺; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.42 (dd, J=7.96, 1.64 Hz, 1 H), 7.37 (dd, J=7.83, 1.52 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (t, J=7.83 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 5.90 (s, 1H), 3.20-3.28 (m, 2H), 2.96-3.07 (m, 2H), 2.53 (s, 2H), 1.63 (ddd, J=13.39, 9.73, 3.92 Hz, 2H), 1.49 (dt, J=13.52, 3.85 Hz, 2H), 1.01 (s, 3H). IC₅₀=0.086 μM.

Example 12 (3S,4S)-8-(7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-3-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-amine

(a) A 0° C. solution of 3-bromo-6-chloropyrazin-2-amine (5.00 g, 23.99 mmol) in THF (80 mL) was degassed for 20 min under streaming nitrogen. The cooled solution was treated with TEA (6.7 mL, 48.0 mmol), CuI (0.457 g, 2.399 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ (0.505 g, 0.720 mmol). Then, ethynyltrimethylsilane (3.73 mL, 26.4 mmol) was slowly added to the stirred mixture. The cold bath was removed and reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. At completion, the reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite and washed with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The solids were dissolved in water (100 mL) and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-30% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to afford 6-chloro-3-((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)pyrazin-2-amine as light brown solid (4.2 g, 78% yield). LCMS: m/z 226 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.17 min.

(b) A solution of 6-chloro-3-((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)pyrazin-2-amine (9.06 g, 40.1 mmol) in THF (150 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with a suspension of t-BuOK (9.01 g, 80 mmol) in THF (50 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, then heated to reflux at 75° C. for 2.5 h after which point LCMS analysis indicated complete consumption of the starting material. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, then quenched with water (10 mL) and concentrated. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc (200 mL) and water (150 mL), and then filtered. The organic layer was washed with water (50 mL). The combined aqueous layers were extracted with EtOAc (200 mL, then 100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-30% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to afford 3-chloro-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine as yellow solid (2.17 g, 35% yield). LCMS: m/z 154 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=0.60 min.

(c) To a solution of 3-chloro-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (1.00 g, 6.51 mmol) in DMF (33 mL) was added N-bromosuccinimide (1.159 g, 6.51 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. At completion, the reaction was concentrated and the resulting residue was treated with water (30 mL). The resulting slurry was stirred for 30 min, then filtered and washed with water (20 mL). The precipitate was dried for 3 h under vacuum at 70° C. to afford crude 7-bromo-3-chloro-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine as brown solid (1.136 g, 48% yield). LCMS: m/z 232 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=0.80 min.

(d) To a solution of 7-bromo-3-chloro-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (1.136 g, 4.89 mmol) in DMF (25 mL) under nitrogen was added NaH (0.235 g, 5.86 mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred until gas evolution subsided. Then, 1-(chloromethyl)-4-methoxybenzene (0.795 mL, 5.86 mmol) and tetrabutlyammoniumiodide (20 mg) were added and the reaction mixture stirred for 1 h at 60° C. At completion, the reaction mixture was partitioned between sat. aq NaHCO₃(50 mL) and EtOAc (100 mL). The layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL). The combined aqueous layers were extracted with EtOAc (50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, then filtered and concentrated. Residual water persisted in the crude residue. The crude wet residue was partitioned between DCM (50 mL) and water (50 mL). The layers were separated and the aqeuous layer was extracted with DCM (50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, then filtered and concentrated. The crude was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-40% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to afford 7-bromo-3-chloro-5-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine as bright yellow solid (853 mg, 50% yield). LCMS: m/z 352 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.29 min.

(e) A stirred suspension of 7-bromo-3-chloro-5-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (300 mg, 0.851 mmol), (2,3-dichlorophenyl)boronic acid (162 mg, 0.851 mmol), PdCl₂(dppf)-CH₂Cl₂ (69.5 mg, 0.085 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (470 mg, 3.40 mmol) in THF (7.1 mL) and water (1.4 mL) was degassed for 5 min then heated to 50° C. for 1.5 h. LCMS analysis indicated 40% conversion of starting material to desired product. The reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (100 mL) and water (50 mL). The layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL). The organics were dried over Na₂SO₄, then filtered and concentrated. The crude was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-30% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to afford 3-chloro-7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine as a white solid (110 mg, 31% yield). LCMS: m/z 418 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.58 min.

(f) A solution of 3-chloro-7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (110 mg, 0.263 mmol) and (3S,4S)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-amine di-hydrochloride salt (70.3 mg, 0.289 mmol) in DIPEA (0.525 mL) and DMSO (0.525 mL) was stirred at 100° C. for 20 h, then 130° C. for 2.5 h. LCMS analysis indicated 30% conversion. The reaction mixture was partially concentrated, then partitioned between EtOAc (50 mL) and water (25 mL). The layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with water (25 mL). The combined aqueous layers were extracted with EtOAc (25 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, then filtered and concentrated. The crude was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-20% MeOH/DCM eluent) to afford (3S,4S)-8-(7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-3-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-amine as a yellow oil (36 mg, 25% yield). LCMS: m/z 552 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.07 min.

(g) A solution of (3S,4S)-8-(7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-3-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-amine (36 mg, 0.065 mmol) in triflic acid (2 mL) was stirred for 2 h at 85° C. The reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath, diluted with DCM (2 mL), then MeOH (5 mL) was slowly added. The mixture was subsequently concentrated to a volume of 2 mL. This solution was diluted with MeOH (5 mL), then neutralized with 7 N NH₃ in MeOH and concentrated. The resulting crude residue was suspended in DCM (10 mL), then sonicated for 5 min and filtered. The solid was purified by prep HPLC, and the pure fractions were lyophilized to provide (3S,4S)-8-(7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-3-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-amine (2.5 mg, 8% yield). LCMS: m/z 432 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=0.90 min; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.71 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.33 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.29-4.22 (m, 1H), 4.14-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.88 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.74 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (s, 1H), 3.15-3.11 (m, 1H), 3.06-3.01 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.68 (m, 4H), 1.23 (d, 3H). IC₅₀=0.039 μM.

Example 13 3-((2-Amino-3-chloropyridin-4-yl)thio)-6-((3S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-5-methyl-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one

General Synthetic Route—Method F

(a) 7-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-2,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(5H)-dione (1.84 g, 6.43 mmol), prepared by the method in example 6, was suspended in acetone (32 mL). The suspension was treated with benzyl bromide (1.5 mL, 12.9 mmol) and potassium carbonate (2.66 g, 19.3 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. Water was added and the precipitate was filtered, washed with water and dried under vacuum to provide 2-benzyl-7-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-2,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(5H)-dione as an off-white solid (2.2 g, 90% yield). LCMS: m/z 377 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.43 min. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.63 (s, 1H), 7.41-7.25 (m, 7H), 6.81 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 4.98 (s, 2H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.20 (s, 3H).

(b) To a solution of 2-benzyl-7-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-2,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(5H)-dione (2.18 g, 5.79 mmol) in DCM (29 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid (4.5 mL, 57.9 mmol) and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (0.51 mL, 5.79 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 15 min. The volatiles were removed under vacuum and a solution of sat. aq Na₂CO₃ was added. The aqueous mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, then filtered and concentrated to provide 2-benzyl-5-methyl-2,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(5H)-dione (1.4 g, 94% yield). LCMS: m/z 257 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=0.68 min.

(c) Step d of General Method A was applied to 2-benzyl-5-methyl-2,7-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(5H)-dione (0.65 g, 1.50 mmol) to provide 6-43S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-2-benzyl-5-methyl-2,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one (0.25 g, 71% yield). LCMS: m/z 409 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=0.66 min.

(d) A solution of 6-((3S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-2-benzyl-5-methyl-2,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one (0.36 g, 0.635 mmol) in DCM (3.2 mL) was treated with DIPEA (0.2 mL, 1.27 mmol) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (0.21 g, 0.952 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 h. At completion, sat. aq NaHCO₃ was added to the reaction. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (10-80% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to provide tert-butyl 43S,4S)-8-(2-benzyl-5-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-yl)carbamate (0.15 g, 58% yield). LCMS: m/z 509 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.34 min.

(e) To a degassed solution of ((3S,4S)-8-(2-benzyl-5-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-yl)carbamate (0.28 g, 0.482 mmol) in MeOH (2.4 mL), was added 10% Pd—C(51 mg, 0.482 mmol). The mixture was sparged with hydrogen, then stirred at room temperature under an atmosphere of hydrogen for 10 h. The reaction mixture was sparged with nitrogen, then filtered through Celite and concentrated to provide tert-butyl ((3S,4S)-3-methyl-8-(5-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-yl)carbamate (0.14 g, 70% yield). LCMS: m/z 419 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)0.81 min.

(0 To a solution of tert-butyl ((3S,4S)-3-methyl-8-(5-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-yl)carbamate (0.14 g, 0.34 mmol) in DMF (1.7 mL), was added N-iodosuccinimide (0.11 g, 0.505 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 2 h. At completion, 20% aq Na₂S₂O₃ was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, then filtered and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (0-70% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to provide tert-butyl ((3S,4S)-8-(3-iodo-5-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-yl)carbamate (0.17 g, 91% yield). LCMS: m/z 545 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=0.92 min.

(g) To a solution of tert-butyl ((3S,4S)-8-(3-iodo-5-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-yl)carbamate 0.17 g, 0.305 mmol) in DCM (2 mL), was added TEA (85 μL, 0.610 mmol) and acetyl chloride (32.5 μL, 0.46 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. At completion, sat. aq NaHCO₃ was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (10-70% EtOAc/heptane eluent) to provide tert-butyl ((3S,4S)-8-(2-acetyl-3-iodo-5-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-yl)carbamate and tert-butyl ((3S,4S)-8-(1-acetyl-3-iodo-5-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-yl)carbamate as a mixture of regioisomers (0.138 g, 78% yield). LCMS: m/z 587 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.34 min and m/z 587 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)=1.38 min.

(h) A mixture of tert-butyl ((3S,4S)-8-(2-acetyl-3-iodo-5-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-yl)carbamate and tert-butyl ((3S,4S)-8-(1-acetyl-3-iodo-5-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-yl)carbamate (0.138 g, 0.235 mmol) in dioxane (1.2 mL) was sparged with nitrogen. The solution was treated with sodium 2-amino-3-chloropyridine-4-thiolate (65 mg, 0.353 mmol), K₃PO₄ (0.150 g, 0.706 mmol), TMEDA (14 μL, 0.094 mmol) and CuI (9 mg, 0.047 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred for 10 h at 100° C. At completion, the reaction mixture was filtered through Celite. The filter cake was washed with water and the resulting aqueous fraction was washed with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, then filtered and concentrated. The crude was dissolved in DCM (2 mL) and treated with TFA (91 μL, 1.18 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. At completion, the reaction was concentrated and the resulting residue was azeotroped with toluene. The crude was purified by prep HPLC to provide 3-((2-amino-3-chloropyridin-4-yl)thio)-6-((3S,4S)-4-amino-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-5-methyl-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one (3 mg, 2.4% yield). LCMS: m/z 477 (M+H)⁺, R_(t)0.72. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 7.55 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 6.02 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.37-4.16 (m, 1H), 3.84 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (s, 3H), 3.20-3.06 (m, 2H), 3.03 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 2.08-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.83-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H). IC50=0.027 μM.

The following compounds of Table 1 were prepared according to the above examples using suitable starting materials:

TABLE 1 LCMS; SHP2 IC₅₀ Example Structure Method R_(t) (min) & ¹H NMR μM 14

A (M + H)⁺ = 464; R_(t) = 1.05 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ ppm 7.72 (dd, J = 7.0, 2.65 Hz, 1H), 7.38-7.47 (m, 2H), 4.02-4.16 (m, 1H), 3.70 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 2.86-3.14 (m, 3H), 1.49-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.11 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H) 0.028 15

B (M + H)⁺ = 421; R_(t) = 0.95 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.62 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.40- 7.44 (m, 1H), 7.33-7.39 (m, 1H), 3.48 (s, 3H), 3.37 (dt, J = 13.3, 4.5 Hz, 2H), 3.19 (ddd, J = 13.1, 10.0, 2.9 Hz, 2 H), 2.59 (s, 2H), 1.68 (ddd, J = 13.5, 9.8, 3.8 Hz, 2H), 1.47-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.06 (s, 3H) 0.034 16

B (M + H)⁺ = 429; R_(t) = 0.74 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ ppm 7.92 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.33 (s, 2H), 3.38 (s, 4H), 2.87-3.01 (m, 2H), 2.75- 2.81 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.95 (m, 1H), 1.19-1.80 (m, 9H) 0.36  17

B (M + H)⁺ = 433; R_(t) = 1.29 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.62 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.40- 7.45 (m, 1H), 7.33-7.39 (m, 1H), 3.39-3.61 (m, 5H), 3.01- 3.17 (m, 2H), 2.86-2.99 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.30 (m, 1H), 1.71 2.00 (m, 5H), 1.49-1.68 (m, 2H) 0.044 18

A (M + H)⁺ = 460; R_(t) = 0.48 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ ppm 8.01 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.57-6.64 (m, 2H), 4.06 (dd, J = 6.3, 5.05 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 2.94-3.11 (m, 2H), 2.86- 2.93 (m, 4H), 1.68-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.08 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H) 0.043 19

B (M + H)⁺ = 379; R_(t) = 0.76 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 8.13- 8.23 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.48 (m, 3H), 3.40-3.61 (m, 5H), 2.96- 3.10 (m, 2H), 2.85-2.92 (m, 1H), 2.77-2.89 (m, 1H), 1.96- 2.11 (m, 1H), 1.32-1.94 (m, 10H) 0.046 20

B (M + H)⁺ = 449; R_(t) = 1.73 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.62 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.40- 7.44 (m, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (dd, J = 9.1, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.74-3.87 (m, 2H), 3.44-3.57 (m, 6H), 3.18 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 1H), 2.99-3.12 (m, 2H), 1.83-1.98 (m, 2H), 1.59- 1.71 (m, 2H) 0.050 21

A (M + H)⁺ = 450; R_(t) = 0.88 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 8.37 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (dd, J = 9.0, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 3.74-3.87 (m, 2H), 3.42-3.59 (m, 6H), 3.18 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 1H), 2.98- 3.13 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.78 (m, 2H) 0.054 22

A (M + H)⁺ = 448; R_(t) = 0.89 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 8.37 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.42-3.65 (m, 5H), 2.98-3.17 (m, 2H), 2.86 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 1.98-2.20 (m, 1H), 1.25-1.93 (m, 9H) 0.057 23

E (M + H)⁺ = 431; R_(t) = 0.45 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ ppm 7.92 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 6.33 (s, 2H), 3.95 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.54-3.73 (m, 2H), 3.38 (s, 4H), 3.07 (br. s., 1H), 2.89- 3.00 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.88 (m, 2H), 1.49 (br. s., 2H) 0.064 24

B (M + H)⁺ = 461; R_(t) = 0.87 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ ppm 7.72 (dd, J = 7.3, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.39-7.47 (m, 2H), 3.26-3.35 (m, 2H), 2.94- 3.10 (m, 2H), 2.46 (d, J = 4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.87-2.06 (m, 2H), 1.67-1.78 (m, 1H), 1.21- 1.65 (m, 9H), 1.13 (d, J = 14.9 Hz, 1H), 0.99-1.08 (m, 1H) 0.072 25

A (M + H)⁺ = 422; R_(t) = 0.73 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 8.37 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (s, 3H), 3.35-3.44 (m, 2H), 3.15- 3.26 (m, 2H), 2.60 (s, 2H), 1.63-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.52 (d, J = 14.1 Hz, 2H), 1.06 (s, 3H). 0.10  26

B (M + H)⁺ = 455; R_(t) = 1.40 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ ppm 7.94 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.75-7.80 (m, 1H), 7.58-7.66 (m, 1H), 3.36 (s, 3H), 3.21-3.30 (m, 2H), 3.02- 3.13 (m, 2H), 2.43 (s, 2H), 1.52-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.31- 1.42 (m, 2H), 0.93 (s, 3H) 0.127 27

B (M + H)⁺ = 481; R_(t) = 1.05 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.67 (dd, J = 9.1, 5.31 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (t, J = 8.7Hz, 1H), 4.19-4.27 (m, 1H), 3.85 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (d, J = 8.84 Hz, 1H), 3.40-3.58 (m, 6H), 3.04 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H), 1.70-1.80 (m, 1H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 4H) 0.45  28

B (M + H)⁺ = 388; R_(t) = 0.81 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 8.68 (s, 1H), 8.47-8.58 (m, 1H), 7.62 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (s, 3H), 3.34-3.44 (m, 2H), 3.15-3.25 (m, 2H), 2.60 (s, 2 H), 1.68 (ddd, J = 13.4, 9.9, 3.8 Hz, 2H), 1.41-1.58 (m, 3H), 1.03-1.14 (m, 3H) 0.312 29

D (M + H)⁺ = 499; R_(t) = 0.62 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.97 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (quin, J = 8.15 Hz, 1H), 4.19-4.26 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.97 (m, 1H), 3.81-3.88 (m, 1H), 3.66- 3.72 (m, 1H), 3.62-3.77 (m, 1H), 3.38-3.53 (m, 5H), 2.96- 3.19 (m, 3H), 2.31-2.47 (m, 2H), 1.86-2.10 (m, 4H), 1.66- 1.84 (m, 4H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H) 0.035 30

D (M + H)⁺ = 515; R_(t) = 0.53 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ ppm 8.26 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.02-4.11 (m, 1H), 3.71- 3.82 (m, 4H), 3.61-3.71 (m, 1H), 3.49 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 3.36-3.40 (m, 4H), 2.89- 3.17 (m, 4H), 1.80-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.68-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.42- 1.68 (m, 3H), 1.08 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H) 0.103 31

D (M + H)⁺ = 499; R_(t) = 1.03 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ ppm 8.07 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.02-4.10 (m, 1H), 3.66 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.55-3.63 (m, 4H), 3.49 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (s, 3H), 2.93-3.12 (m, 2H), 2.91 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1 H), 1.81-1.97 (m, 5H), 1.69- 1.81 (m, 1H), 1.50-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.08 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H) 0.012 32

D (M + H)⁺ = 459; R_(t) = 1.03 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ ppm 8.01 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.57-6.64 (m, 2H), 4.06 (dd, J = 6.3, 5.05 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 2.94-3.11 (m, 2H), 2.86- 2.93 (m, 4H), 1.68-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.08 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H) 0.054 33

A (M + H)⁺ = 508; R_(t) = 0.55 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 8.40 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.20-4.27 (m, 1H), 3.85 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.51 (s, 3H), 3.43-3.50 (m, 2H), 2.96-3.21 (m, 4H), 1.85- 2.03 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H) 0.013 34

A (M + H)⁺ = 474, 476; R_(t) = 0.56 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ ppm 8.78 (s, 1H), 8.44 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H), 8.33 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (br s, 1H), 3.66 (br s, 1H), 3.39-3.54 (m, 5H), 2.95-3.14 (m, 3H), 1.52- 1.98 (m, 4H), 1.09 (br s, 3H) 0.027 35

D (M + H)⁺ = 503, 505; R_(t) = 0.49 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 8.02 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.20-4.26 (m, 1H), 3.66-3.74 (m, 1H), 3.85 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.38-3.56 (m, 6H), 3.06-3.17 (m, 1H), 3.03 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H), 2.99 (s, 3H), 2.64-2.68 (m, 1H), 1.87-2.07 (m, 3H), 1.68- 1.87 (m, 3H) 1.22 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H) 0.0.34 36

A (M + H)⁺ = 394; R_(t) = 1.10 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 8.48 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 8.33 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.46 (s, 3H), 3.34-3.44 (m, 2H), 2.94 (br t, J = 12.4 Hz, 2H), 2.73-2.82 (m, 1H), 2.61 (dd, J = 10.5, 1.64 Hz, 1H), 2.54 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 2.00-2.12 (m, 1H), 1.90-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.65- 1.90 (m, 3H), 1.34 (br t, J = 11.1 Hz, 2H), 1.12-1.25 (m, 1H), 1.00-1.10 (m, 1H), 0.97 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H) 0.009 37

E (M + H)⁺ = 447; R_(t) = 0.49 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.92 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (br t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.99-5.30 (m, 1H), 5.06 (br t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.50 (s, 5H), 3.11-3.21 (m, 1H), 3.04 (br t, J = 12.5 Hz, 2H), 2.13-2.36 (m, 2H), 1.73- 2.08 (m, 5H), 1.52 (br d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H), 1.37 (br d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H) 0.027 38

D (M + H)⁺ = 487; R_(t) = 0.98 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 8.02- 8.07 (m, 1H), 6.74-6.77 (m, 1H), 5.04-5.37 (m, 1H), 3.45- 3.63 (m, 6H), 2.92-3.18 (m, 3H), 2.69-2.79 (m, 1H), 2.25 (td, J = 15.5, 6.19 Hz, 3H), 1.87- 2.10 (m, 4H), 1.76-1.87 (m, 4H), 1.37-1.73 (m, 1H), 1.35 -1.36 (m, 1H), 1.35-1.37 (m, 1H), 0.76-0.89 (m, 2H), 0.53- 0.64 (m, 2H) 0.011 39

A (M + H)⁺ = 397; R_(t) = 0.63 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 8.17- 8.23 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.48 (m, 2H), 5.02-5.24 (m, 1H), 3.47- 3.59 (m, 5H), 3.16 (dd, J = 9.5, 6.69 Hz, 1H), 2.95- 3.06 (m, 2H) 2.14-2.31 (m, 2H), 1.75-2.01 (m, 4H), 1.51 (br d, J = 13.4 Hz, 1H), 1.36 (br d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H) 0.037 40

D (M + H)⁺ = 453; R_(t) = 0.96 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.55 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.20-4.27 (m, 1H), 3.85 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (d, J = 8.84 Hz, 1H), 3.50 (s, 3H), 3.37-3.47 (m, 2H), 3.11 (s, 7H), 2.98-3.08 (m, 2H), 2.34-2.40 (m, 3H), 1.86- 2.01 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.86 (m, 2H) 1.22 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H) 0.089 41

A (M + H)⁺ = 395; R_(t) = 0.79 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ ppm 8.33 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.33-7.46 (m, 1H), 4.02-4.10 (m, 1H), 3.66 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.43-3.46 (m, 3H), 2.88-3.10 (m, 3H), 1.82- 1.92 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.80 (m, 1H), 1.52-1.66 (m, 2H), 1.09 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H) 0.033 42

A (M + H)⁺ = 425; R_(t) = 0.99 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 8.23 (br d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.90 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.12 (dd, J = 6.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (br s, 4H), 3.64 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (s, 3H), 3.19-3.37 (m, 2H, 2.99 (br d, J = 3.5 Hz, 3H), 1.85-2.02 (m, 2H), 1.63- 1.84 (m, 4H), 1.19 (br d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H) 0.020 43

D (M + H)⁺ = 515; R_(t) = 0.47 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 8.04 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.48 (br s, 1H), 4.30 (br dd, J = 6.4, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.90-4.00 (m, 3H), 3.84 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 3.65-3.75 (m, 1H) 3.45-3.61 (m, 7H), 2.93-3.26 (m, 5H), 1.64- 2.15 (m, 8H), 1.32 (dd, J = 6.7, 4.2 Hz, 5H) 0.084 44

A (M + H)⁺ = 430; R_(t) = 0.92 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ ppm 8.64 (s, 1H), 8.47 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H), 8.30 (dd, J = 5.3, 1.26 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (quin, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 2.96-3.14 (m, 2H), 2.88-2.96 (m, 1H), 2.48- 2.53 (m, 5H), 1.81-1.94 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.81 (m, 1H), 1.49- 1.68 (m, 2H), 1.09 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H) 0.016 45

E (M + H)⁺ = 411; R_(t) = 0.65 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ ppm 7.83-8.12 (m, 1H), 7.39-7.52 (m, 2H), 5.91 (br s, 2H), 4.06 (br s, 1H), 3.66 (br d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.47-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.49 (br d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.40-3.46 (m, 2H), 2.88- 3.14 (m, 3H), 1.87 (br s, 1H), 1.68-1.82 (m, 1H), 1.61 (br d, J = 14.7 Hz, 2H), 1.00-1.16 (m, 3H) 0.037 46

D (M + H)⁺ = 425; R_(t) = 0.49 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ ppm 8.01 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J = 5.4, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (br d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.13-4.17 (m, 1H), 4.11-4.19 (m, 1H), 4.03- 4.11 (m, 1H), 3.62-3.74 (m, 1H), 3.52 (br d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.42-3.47 (m, 3H), 2.89- 3.13 (m, 3H), 2.80 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 3H), 1.50-1.93 (m, 5H), 1.10 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H) 0.050 47

E (M + H)⁺ = 425; R_(t) = 0.57 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 8.15 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.95-7.03 (m, 1H), 4.20-4.27 (m, 1H), 3.64-3.87 (m, 4H), 3.38- 3.50 (m, 1H), 2.95-3.17 (m, 2H), 1.85-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.74 (br t, J = 13.3 Hz, 1H), 1.16- 1.28 (m, 2H) 0.037 48

E (M + H)⁺ = 423 ; R_(t) = 0.72 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 1.03- 1.10 (m, 3H) 1.16 (dt, J = 12.4, 9.85 Hz, 1H) 1.28 (dd, J = 12.9, 9.35 Hz, 1H) 1.37-1.52 (m, 2H) 1.70-1.89 (m, 2H) 1.89- 2.10 (m, 2H) 2.12-2.24 (m, 1H) 2.92 (dd, J = 9.5, 6.44 Hz, 1H) 2.96-3.07 (m, 2H) 3.41- 3.50 (m, 2H) 3.53 (s, 3H)3.84 (s, 3H) 6.98 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H) 8.11-8.19 (m, 1H) 0.016 49

E (M + H)⁺ = 445; R_(t) = 1.11 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 1.44- 1.64 (m, 2H) 1.81-2.21 (m, 1H) 1.84-1.93 (m, 1H) 1.97- 2.18 (m, 2H) 2.41-2.58 (m, 2H) 2.93-3.07 (m, 2H) 3.15 (br t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H) 3.47-3.60 (m, 5H) 3.84 (s, 3H) 6.98 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) 8.15 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) 0.009 50

D (M + H)⁺ = 505; R_(t) = 1.01 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ ppm 8.07 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.60-6.67 (m, 1H), 3.27- 3.55 (m, 8H), 2.72-3.09 (m, 5H), 2.27-2.48 (m, 3H), 1.66- 2.12 (m, 6H), 1.27-1.45 (m, 3H), 0.62-0.81 (m, 2H), 0.51- 0.62 (m, 2H) 0.035 51

A (M + H)⁺ = 416; R_(t) = 0.53 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 8.58 (br d, J = 5.3 Hz, 2H), 8.43 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.52-3.63 (m, 5H), 2.94-3.17 (m, 3H), 2.41- 2.55 (m, 2H), 1.82-2.18 (m, 5H), 1.43-1.63 (m, 2H) 0.014 52

E (M + H)⁺ = 445; R_(t) = 0.85 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.54- 7.56 (m, 1H), 4.19-4.27 (m, 1H), 3.84 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.63-3.77 (m, 1H), 3.52- 3.59 (m, 3H), 3.39-3.50 (m, 2H), 2.94-3.20 (m, 3H), 1.84- 2.03 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.12-1.30 (m, 3H) 0.023 53

E (M + H)⁺ = 477; R_(t) = 0.72 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 8.13- 8.18 (m, 1H), 6.98 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.85 (s, 5H), 3.84 (s, 1H), 3.40-3.55 (m, 3H), 2.77- 2.94 (m, 1H), 2.25 (ddd, J = 13.1, 8.53, 6.44 Hz, 1H), 1.73-1.95 (m, 2H), 1.58- 1.73 (m, 1H), 1.39-1.58 (m, 1H) 0.036 54

A (M + H)⁺ = 448; R_(t) = 0.61 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 8.58 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 8.43 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.57 (s, 3H), 3.46-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.01- 3.14 (m, 2H), 2.91-3.00 (m, 1H), 2.86 (br d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 2.19-2.28 (m, 1H), 1.82- 1.96 (m, 4H), 1.64 (dt, J = 13.0, 9.7 Hz, 1H), 1.40-1.55 (m, 2H) 0.021 55

A (M + H)⁺ = 410; R_(t) = 0.49 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.50 (br d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (ddd, J = 8.0, 2.3, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 4.25-4.32 (m, 1H), 3.93 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 3.45-3.58 (m, 5H), 3.39 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.92-3.17 (m, 2H), 1.96 (br d, J = 11.4 Hz, 2H), 1.83- 1.92 (m, 1H), 1.74 (br d, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H), 1.30 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H) 0.083 56

A (M + H)⁺ = 437.2; R_(t) = 1.08 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 8.20-8.10 (m, 1H), 8.08-7.88 (m, 1H), 7.04-6.73 (m, 1H), 4.59 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.28-4.18 (m, 1H), 3.88-3.82 (m, 2H), 3.70 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.54 (s, 3H), 3.48-3.38 (m, 2H), 3.29- 3.23 (m, 2H), 3.15-3.06 (m, 1H), 3.06-2.96 (m, 2H), 2.01- 1.84 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 0.095 57

A (M + H)⁺ = 413.2; R_(t) = 1.62 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 8.32-8.23 (m, 2H), 7.15 (t, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 4.28-4.20 (m, 1H), 3.85 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 3.50-3.41 (m, 2H), 3.17- 3.08 (m, 1H), 3.08-2.97 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.82- 1.68 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 0.011 58

A (M + H)⁺ = 431.2; R_(t) = 1.85 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 8.41-8.31 (m, 1H), 8.17-8.09 (m, 1H), 7.36-7.25 (m, 1H), 4.28- 4.19 (m, 1H), 3.85 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.45 (dd, J = 13.7, 4.7 Hz, 2H), 3.17- 3.08 (m, 1H), 3.08-2.97 (m, 2H), 2.01-1.86 (m, 2H), 1.81- 1.67 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 0.011 59

A (M + H)⁺ = 443.2; R_(t) = 1.66 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 8.12 (d, J = 13.1, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.28-4.19 (m, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.85 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 3.51-3.39 (m, 2H), 3.17-3.08 (m, 1H), 3.08-2.98 (m, 2H), 2.01- 1.87 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 0.013 60

A (M + H)⁺ = 431.2; R_(t) = 1.01 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 7.51 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.38-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.28-7.17 (m, 1H), 4.28- 4.19 (m, 1H), 3.85 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (s, 3H), 3.51-3.42 (m, 2H), 3.19-3.10 (m, 1H), 3.10-3.00 (m, 2H), 2.02- 1.87 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 0.013 61

A (M + H)⁺ = 413.2; R_(t) = 1.70 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 8.16-8.11 (m, 1H), 8.09 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.17- 7.04 (m, 1H), 4.27-4.19 (m, 1H), 3.85 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.51-3.41 (m, 2H), 3.17-3.08 (m, 1H), 3.08- 2.99 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.86 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 0.014 62

A (M + H)⁺ = 431.2; R_(t) = 1.01 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.28-7.13 (m, 2H), 4.30- 4.16 (m, 1H), 3.85 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (s, 3H), 3.50-3.42 (m, 2H), 3.18-3.10 (m, 1H), 3.09-3.01 (m, 2H), 2.01- 1.87 (m, 2H), 1.81-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 0.017 63

A (M + H)⁺ = 413.2; R_(t) = 1.31 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 7.71 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 1H), 7.50-7.42 (m, 1H), 7.26 (t, J = 7.6, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.17 (m, 1H), 4.27- 4.20 (m, 1H), 3.85 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (s, 3H), 3.50-3.41 (m, 2H), 3.17-3.09 (m, 1H), 3.09-3.00 (m, 2H), 2.02- 1.86 (m, 2H), 1.83-1.68 (m, 3H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 0.023 64

A (M + H)⁺ = 426.2; R_(t) = 1.98 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 9.06 (s, 1H), 8.50 (d, J = 8.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H), 4.28-4.20 (m, 1H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.85 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.50-3.42 (m, 2H), 3.16-3.09 (m, 1H), 3.09- 2.99 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.88 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H). 0.024 65

A (M + H)⁺ = 431.2; R_(t) = 1.95 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 8.11-8.01 (m, 2H), 6.93 (tt, J = 9.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.28-4.17 (m, 1H), 3.85 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.52-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.17- 3.09 (m, 1H), 3.09-2.98 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.81- 1.67 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 0.038 66

A (M + H)⁺ = 425.2; R_(t) = 1.37 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 7.54-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.16-7.07 (m, 1H), 7.07-6.96 (m, 1H), 4.28- 4.20 (m, 1H), 3.92-3.75 (m, 4H), 3.71 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.51 (s, 3H), 3.41 (s, 2H), 3.09-2.93 (m, 3H), 2.00- 1.85 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.71 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 0.091 67

A (M + H)⁺ = 410.2; R_(t) = 1.48 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 8.46 (dd, J = 5.0, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (dd, J = 7.9, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.28-4.20 (m, 1H), 3.85 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.51 (s, 3H), 3.50-3.42 (m, 2 H), 3.19-3.10 (m, 1H), 3.10- 2.99 (m, 2H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.02-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.81- 1.66 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 0.096 68

A (M + H)⁺ = 445; R_(t) = 0.59 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 7.40-7.28 (m, 1H), 7.17 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (dd, J = 9.0, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.89- 3.74 (m, 2H), 3.61-3.42 (m, 6H), 3.19 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 1H), 3.12-2.97 (m, 2H), 2.00- 1.78 (m, 2H), 1.65 (t, J = 15.1 Hz, 2H). 0.025 69

A (M + H)⁺ = 382; R_(t) = 1.20 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 8.73-8.57 (m, 2H), 8.43- 8.30 (m, 2H), 3.96 (dd, J = 8.5, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.77-3.54 (m, 2H), 3.47 (s, 3H), 3.44- 3.35 (m, 2H), 3.08 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 3.03-2.88 (m, 2H), 1.77 (dt, J = 3 8.1, 10.2 Hz, 2H), 1.50 (s, 2H). 0.039 70

A (M + H)⁺ = 396; R_(t) = 0.60 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 8.63 (s, 2H), 8.39-8.31 (m, 2H), 4.11-4.02 (m, 1H), 3.66 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.54- 3.42 (m, 5H), 3.12-2.94 (m, 2H), 2.91 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 1.94-1.83 (m, 1H), 1.76 (t, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 1.67-1.52 (m, 3H), 1.09 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H). 0.008 71

D (M + H)⁺ = 473; R_(t) = 0.73 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 8.18 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.14- 3.99 (m, 1H), 3.66 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (s, 3H), 3.13-2.97 (m, 3H), 2.94 (s, 6H), 2.91 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 1.96-1.81 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.70 (m, 1H), 1.67- 1.49 (m, 3H), 1.08 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H). 0.022 72

D (M + H)⁺ = 473 ; R_(t) = 0.69 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 8.00 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.03-4.09 (m, 1H), 3.66 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.54-3.40 (m, 3H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 3.11-2.92 (m, 2H), 2.91 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 1.91-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.67-1.49 (m, 3H), 1.17 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.08 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H). 0.047 73

D (M + H)⁺ = 471; R_(t) = 0.70 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 8.14 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.50 (s, 6H), Hz, 1H), 3.02 (s, 6H), 2.98-2.83 (m, 2H), 2.32-1.61 (m, 5H), 1.54-1.12 (m, 4H), 1.06 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H). 0.028 74

D (M + H)⁺ = 499; R_(t) = 0.65 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 7.99 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.14-4.03 (m, 1H), 3.65 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.51-3.45 (m, 2H), 3.38 (s, 3H), 3.30-3.26 (m, 2H), 3.14- 2.78 (m, 3H), 1.81 (dt, J = 44.3, 9.8 Hz, 3H), 1.67- 1.50 (m, 2H), 1.18 (ddd, J = 12.7, 7.6, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 1.09 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.50-0.38 (m, 2H), 0.33-0.22 (m, 2H). 0.039 75

D (M + H)⁺ = 485; R_(t) = 0.64 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 8.07 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.11-4.00 (m, 1H), 3.66 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 3.12-2.94 (m, 3H), 2.91 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.84-2.72 (m, 1H), 1.91- 1.81 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.70 (m, 1H), 1.65-1.55 (m, 3H), 1.08 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.76-0.66 (m, 2H), 0.61-0.52 (m, 2H). 0.036 76

E (M + H)⁺ = 443; R_(t) = 0.56 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 7.92 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.50 (s, 5H), 3.14- 2.99 (m, 2H), 2.96-2.82 (m, 1H), 2.27-1.76 (m, 5H), 1.55- 1.39 (m, 2H), 1.30 (dd, J = 12.9, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 1.16 (dt, J = 12.2, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 1.07 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 0.032 77

D (M + H)⁺ = 457; R_(t) = 0.55 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 7.99 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (s, 5H), 3.13- 2.86 (m, 6H), 2.34-1.61 (m, 5H), 1.54-1.36 (m, 2H), 1.33- 1.22 (m, 1H), 1.17 (dt, J = 12.3, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 1.08 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 0.030 78

A (M + H)⁺ = 444; R_(t) = 0.60 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 8.25 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 4.33-4.17 (m, 1H), 3.62 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.47 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.58-3.42 (m, 5H), 3.21-2.94 (m, 3H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.01-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.66 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H).′ 0.017 79

A (M + H)⁺ = 464; R_(t) = 1.02 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 8.49 (s, 1H), 1.10 (s, 1H), 4.29-4.13 (m, 1H), 3.61 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.57-3.41 (m, 5H), 3.22- 2.96 (m, 3H), 2.00-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.66 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 0.030 80

A (M + H)⁺ = 445; R_(t) = 0.61 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 7.97 (s, 1H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 4.20-4.26 (m, 1H), 3.67 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.55-3.40 (m, 5H), 3.22- 2.92 (m, 3H), 2.06-1.86 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.66 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 0.129 81

A (M + H)⁺ = 458; R_(t) = 1.40 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 7.41- 7.28 (m, 1H), 7.17 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (p, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.85 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.54-3.40 (m, 5H), 3.19-2.98 (m, 3H), 2.03- 1.87 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 0.047 82

E (M + H)⁺ = 443; R_(t) = 0.56 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 7.92 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.50 (s, 5H), 3.13- 2.99 (m, 2H), 2.96-2.86 (m, 1H), 2.28-1.76 (m, 5H), 1.51- 1.39 (m, 2H), 1.33 1.27 (m, 1H), 1.19-1.11 (m, 1H), 1.07 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 0.032 83

F (M + H)⁺ = 453; R_(t) = 1.03 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 7.47 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 3.33 (s, 3H), 3.28-3.21 (m, 2H), 3.17-3.00 (m, 2H), 2.44 (s, 2H), 1.69-1.49 (m, 2H), 1.43-1.24 (m, 2H), 0.93 (s, 3H). 0.008 84

F (M + H)⁺ = 477; R_(t) = 0.72 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 7.55 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H), 6.02 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.37-4.16 (m, 1H), 3.84 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (s, 3H), 3.20-3.06 (m, 2H), 3.03 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 2H), 2.08-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.83-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 0.027 85

Similar to Example 12 using appropriate starting materials (M + H)⁺ = 434; R_(t) = 0.98 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ 8.32- 8.44 (m, 2H), 7.84-7.75 (m, 1H), 4.31 4.09 (m, 3H), 3.93- 3.85 (m, 1H), 3.77-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.57-3.39 (m, 3H), 3.05- 2.98 (m, 1H), 1.95-1.61 (m, 5H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H) 0.067

Assays

Compounds of the invention were assessed for their ability to selectively inhibit SHP2 activity. The inhibitory properties of the compounds of the invention described herein can be evidenced by testing in any one of the following assays.

SHP2 Allosteric Inhibition Assay

SHP2 is allosterically activated through binding of bis-tyrosyl-phorphorylated peptides to its Src Homology 2 (SH2) domains. The latter activation step leads to the release of the auto-inhibitory interface of SHP2, which in turn renders the SHP2 protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) active and available for substrate recognition and reaction catalysis. The catalytic activity of SHP2 was monitored using the surrogate substrate DiFMUP in a prompt fluorescence assay format.

More specifically, the phosphatase reactions were performed at room temperature in 384-well black polystyrene plate, flat bottom, low flange, non-binding surface (Corning, Cat #3575) using a final reaction volume of 25 μL and the following assay buffer conditions: 60 mM HEPES, pH 7.2, 75 mM NaCl, 75 mM KCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.05% P-20, 5 mM DTT.

The inhibition of SHP2 by compounds of the invention (concentrations varying from 0.003-100 μM) was monitored using an assay in which 0.5 nM of SHP2 was incubated with of 0.5 μM of peptide IRS1_pY1172 (dPEG8)pY1222 (sequence: H2N-LN(pY)IDLDLV(dPEG8)LST(pY)ASINFQK-amide) (SEQ ID NO:1). After 30-60 minutes incubation at 25° C., the surrogate substrate DiFMUP (Invitrogen, cat #D6567) was added to the reaction and incubated at 25° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 5 μl of a 160 μM solution of bpV(Phen) (Enzo Life Sciences cat #ALX-270-204). The fluorescence signal was monitored using a microplate reader (Envision, Perki-Elmer) using excitation and emission wavelengths of 340 nm and 450 nm, respectively. The inhibitor dose response curves were analyzed using normalized IC₅₀ regression curve fitting with control based normalization. IC₅₀ results for compounds of the invention are shown in examples and tables 1-7, above.

p-ERK Cellular Assay

p-ERK cellular assay using the AlphaScreen® SureFire™ Phospho-ERK 1/2 Kit (PerkinElmer): KYSE-520 cells (30,000 cells/well) were grown in 96-well plate culture overnight and treated with Shp2 inhibitors at concentrations of 20, 6.6, 2.2, 0.74, 0.24, 0.08, 0.027 μM for 2 hrs at 37° C. Incubations were terminated by addition of 30 μL of lysis buffer (PerkinElmer) supplied with the SureFire phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) assay kit (PerkinElmer). Samples were processed according to the manufacturer's directions. The fluorescence signal from pERK was measured in duplicate using a 2101 multilabel reader (Perkin Elmer Envision). The percentage of inhibition was normalized by the total ERK signal and compared with the DMSO vehicle control.

Colony Formation Assay and Cell Proliferation Assay

KYSE-520 Cells (1500 cells/well) were plated onto 24-well plates in 300 μL medium (RPMI-1640 containing 10% FBS, Lonza). For drug treatment, compounds of the invention at various concentrations (20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25 μM) were added 24 hours and 5 days after cell plating. At day 11, colonies were stained with 0.2% crystal violet (MP Biomedicals) and subsequently dissolved in 20% acetic acid for quantitation using a Spectramax reader (Thermo Scientific). In cell proliferation assay, cells (1500-cells/well) were plated onto 96-well plates in 100 μL medium (RPMI-1640 containing 10% FBS, Lonza). At day 6, 50 μL Celltiter-Glo reagent (Promega) was added, and the luminescent signal was determined according to the supplier's instruction (Promega).

It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims. 

We claim:
 1. A compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of formula II:

in which: Y₅ is selected from N and CH; Y₆ is selected from CH₂ and NH; R₁ is selected from R_(1a) and —SR_(1a); wherein R_(1a) is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl and pyrimidinyl; wherein said phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl or pyrimidinyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 3 R₄ groups; wherein each R₄ group is independently selected from halo, amino, morpholino, pyrrolidinyl, hydroxyl, C₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₃alkoxy and halo-substituted-C₁₋₃alkyl; R_(4a) and R_(4b) are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy and fluoro; with proviso that R_(4a) and R_(4b) cannot both be OH; R_(5a) is selected from amino and amino-methyl; R_(5b) is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, methoxy-carbonyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl-C₁₋₃alkyl, hydroxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₂alkoxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl and a 5 to 6 member heteroaryl ring containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from O, S and N; wherein said C₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₂alkoxy-substituted C₁₋₃alkyl of R_(5b) is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 fluorines; or R_(5a) and R_(5b), together with the carbon atom to which R_(5a) and R_(5b) are attached, form a group selected from:

wherein *C represents the carbon atom to which R_(5a) and R_(5b) are attached; R₁₀ is amino; R_(11a) is selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, fluoro, C₁₋₂alkyl and hydroxy-methyl; R_(11b) is selected from fluoro, methyl and hydrogen; R_(11c) is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₂alkyl and hydroxy-methyl; R₁₂ is selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, C₁₋₃alkyl, halo-substituted-C₁₋₃alkyl, halo-substituted-C₁₋₃alkoxy and C₁₋₃alkoxy; and R₁₃ is selected from hydrogen, halo and C₁₋₂alkyl; and R_(6a) and R_(6b) are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy and fluoro; with proviso that R_(6a) and R_(6b) cannot both be OH.
 2. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, selected from:


3. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 4. A method of treatment comprising administering a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a person in need of such treatment in an effective amount for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of a disease or disorder which is mediated by the activity of SHP2.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the disease or disorder mediated by the activity of SHP2 is selected from Noonan Syndrome, Leopard Syndrome, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemias, neuroblastoma, melanoma, acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, head cancer, neuroblastoma, squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck, gastric carcinoma, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma and glioblastoma.
 6. A compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which is: 